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      Interpersonal touch interventions for patients in intensive care: A design‐oriented realist review

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          Abstract

          Aim

          To develop a theoretical framework to inform the design of interpersonal touch interventions intended to reduce stress in adult intensive care unit patients.

          Design

          Realist review with an intervention design‐oriented approach.

          Methods

          We searched CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, Web of Science and grey literature sources without date restrictions. Subject experts suggested additional articles. Evidence synthesis drew on diverse sources of literature and was conducted iteratively with theory testing. We consulted stakeholders to focus the review. We performed systematic searches to corroborate our developing theoretical framework.

          Results

          We present a theoretical framework based around six intervention construction principles. Theory testing provided some evidence in favour of treatment repetition, dynamic over static touch and lightening sedation. A lack of empirical evidence was identified for construction principles relating to intensity and positive/negative evaluation of emotional experience, moderate pressure touch for sedated patients and intervention delivery by relatives versus healthcare practitioners.

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          Most cited references94

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          Lending a hand: social regulation of the neural response to threat.

          James Coan, Hillary Schaefer, Richard J. Davidson (2006)
          Social contact promotes enhanced health and well-being, likely as a function of the social regulation of emotional responding in the face of various life stressors. For this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, 16 married women were subjected to the threat of electric shock while holding their husband's hand, the hand of an anonymous male experimenter, or no hand at all. Results indicated a pervasive attenuation of activation in the neural systems supporting emotional and behavioral threat responses when the women held their husband's hand. A more limited attenuation of activation in these systems occurred when they held the hand of a stranger. Most strikingly, the effects of spousal hand-holding on neural threat responses varied as a function of marital quality, with higher marital quality predicting less threat-related neural activation in the right anterior insula, superior frontal gyrus, and hypothalamus during spousal, but not stranger, hand-holding.
          Article 0 comments Cited 286 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Uncertainty and stress: Why it causes diseases and how it is mastered by the brain

            Achim Peters, Bruce S McEwen, Karl Friston (2017)
            The term 'stress' - coined in 1936 - has many definitions, but until now has lacked a theoretical foundation. Here we present an information-theoretic approach - based on the 'free energy principle' - defining the essence of stress; namely, uncertainty. We address three questions: What is uncertainty? What does it do to us? What are our resources to master it? Mathematically speaking, uncertainty is entropy or 'expected surprise'. The 'free energy principle' rests upon the fact that self-organizing biological agents resist a tendency to disorder and must therefore minimize the entropy of their sensory states. Applied to our everyday life, this means that we feel uncertain, when we anticipate that outcomes will turn out to be something other than expected - and that we are unable to avoid surprise. As all cognitive systems strive to reduce their uncertainty about future outcomes, they face a critical constraint: Reducing uncertainty requires cerebral energy. The characteristic of the vertebrate brain to prioritize its own high energy is captured by the notion of the 'selfish brain'. Accordingly, in times of uncertainty, the selfish brain demands extra energy from the body. If, despite all this, the brain cannot reduce uncertainty, a persistent cerebral energy crisis may develop, burdening the individual by 'allostatic load' that contributes to systemic and brain malfunction (impaired memory, atherogenesis, diabetes and subsequent cardio- and cerebrovascular events). Based on the basic tenet that stress originates from uncertainty, we discuss the strategies our brain uses to avoid surprise and thereby resolve uncertainty.
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              A meta-analysis of massage therapy research.

              Tyler Moyer, James Rounds, James Hannum (2003)
              Massage therapy (MT) is an ancient form of treatment that is now gaining popularity as part of the complementary and alternative medical therapy movement. A meta-analysis was conducted of studies that used random assignment to test the effectiveness of MT. Mean effect sizes were calculated from 37 studies for 9 dependent variables. Single applications of MT reduced state anxiety, blood pressure, and heart rate but not negative mood, immediate assessment of pain, and cortisol level. Multiple applications reduced delayed assessment of pain. Reductions of trait anxiety and depression were MT's largest effects, with a course of treatment providing benefits similar in magnitude to those of psychotherapy. No moderators were statistically significant, though continued testing is needed. The limitations of a medical model of MT are discussed, and it is proposed that new MT theories and research use a psychotherapy perspective.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Sansha J. Harris:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9495-5999
                sansha.harris@sth.nhs.uk
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nurs Open
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nurs Open
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)2054-1058
                Journal ID (publisher-id): NOP2
                Title: Nursing Open
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2054-1058
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 October 2018
                Publication date Collection: April 2019
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 2 ( doiID: 10.1002/nop2.2019.6.issue-2 )
                Pages: 216-235
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR) University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
                [ 2 ] Faculty of Nursing University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
                [ 3 ] Faculty of Health and Wellbeing Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield UK
                [ 4 ] Department of Nursing Umeå University Umeå Sweden
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Sansha J. Harris, General Intensive Care Unit, Critical Care Department, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK.

                Email: sansha.harris@ 123456sth.nhs.uk

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9495-5999
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9149-4314
                Article
                Publisher ID: NOP2200
                DOI: 10.1002/nop2.200
                PMC ID: 6419112
                SO-VID: da37a2b7-60fb-4e29-b24e-e1fc6add8121
                Copyright © © 2018 The Authors. Nursing Open published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 07 May 2018
                Date revision received : 11 July 2018
                Date accepted : 07 August 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 4, Pages: 20, Words: 14158
                Funding
                Funded by: National Institute for Health Research/Health Education England
                Funded by: Clinical Academic Training Programme Masters in Clinical Research Scheme
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article
                Subject: Review Article
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                component-id nop2200
                cover-date April 2019
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:5.6.1 mode:remove_FC converted:15.03.2019

                Keywords: design propositions,hypnotics and sedatives,icu,nursing,pain,realist review,stress,touch
                Data availability:
                Keywords: design propositions, hypnotics and sedatives, icu, nursing, pain, realist review, stress, touch

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