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      The role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE:

          To investigate the role of oxidant/antioxidant status and protein oxidation in the development of age-related macular degeneration.

          METHOD:

          The activities of serum superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and the levels of serum malondialdehyde, advanced oxidation protein products, glutathione and vitamin C were measured in 25 patients with age-related macular degeneration and 25 control subjects without age-related macular degeneration.

          RESULT:

          The malondialdehyde and advanced oxidation protein product levels in the serum were significantly higher in the age-related macular degeneration patient group than in the control group ( p<0.05). The superoxide dismutase activity in the serum was significantly lower in the age-related macular degeneration patient group than in the control group ( p<0.05). The levels of vitamin C and glutathione and the activity of glutathione peroxidase in the serum were unchanged between groups ( p>0.05).

          CONCLUSION:

          The results of the present study suggest that decreased effectiveness of the antioxidant defense system and increased oxidative stress may play a role in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration.

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          A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase.

          Y. Sun, L Oberley, Y. Li (1988)
          This assay for superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) activity involves inhibition of nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, with xanthine-xanthine oxidase used as a superoxide generator. By using a reaction terminator, we can determine 40 samples within 55 min. One unit of activity of pure bovine liver Cu,ZnSOD and chicken liver MnSOD was expressed by 30 ng and 500 ng of protein, respectively. The mean concentrations of Cu,ZnSOD as measured by this method in blood from normal adults were 242 (SEM 4) mg/L in erythrocytes, 548 (SEM 20) micrograms/L in serum, and 173 (SEM 11) micrograms/L in plasma. The Cu,ZnSOD concentrations in serum and plasma of patients with cancer of the large intestine tended to be less and greater than these values, respectively, but not statistically significantly so.
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            Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase.

            D Paglia, W N Valentine (1967)
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              A role for local inflammation in the formation of drusen in the aging eye.

              Don H Anderson, Robert F. Mullins, Gregory Hageman … (2002)
              The accumulation of numerous or confluent drusen, especially in the macula, is a significant risk factor for the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Identifying the origin and molecular composition of these deposits, therefore, has been an important, yet elusive, objective for many decades. Recently, a more complete profile of the molecular composition of drusen has emerged. In this focused review, we discuss these new findings and their implications for the pathogenic events that give rise to drusen and AMD. Tissue specimens from one or both eyes of more than 400 human donors were examined by light, confocal or electron microscopy, in conjunction with antibodies to specific drusen-associated proteins, to help characterize the transitional events in drusen biogenesis. Quantification of messenger RNA from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid of donor eyes was used to determine if local ocular sources for drusen-associated molecules exist. The results indicate that cellular remnants and debris derived from degenerate RPE cells become sequestered between the RPE basal lamina and Bruch's membrane. We propose that this cellular debris constitutes a chronic inflammatory stimulus, and a potential "nucleation" site for drusen formation. The entrapped cellular debris then becomes the target of encapsulation by a variety of inflammatory mediators, some of which are contributed by the RPE and, perhaps, other local cell types; and some of which are extravasated from the choroidal circulation. The results support a role for local inflammation in drusen biogenesis, and suggest that it is analogous to the process that occurs in other age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis, where accumulation of extracellular plaques and deposits elicits a local chronic inflammatory response that exacerbates the effects of primary pathogenic stimuli.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Clinics (Sao Paulo)
                Title: Clinics
                Publisher: Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo
                ISSN (Print): 1807-5932
                ISSN (Electronic): 1980-5322
                Publication date (Print): May 2011
                Volume: 66
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 743-746
                Affiliations
                [I ]Etimesgut Public Health Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey.
                [II ]Second Ophthalmology Clinic, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
                [III ]Duatepe Government Hospital, Clinic of Internal Medicine, PolatlI, Ankara, Turkey.
                Author notes
                E-mail: zyildirim2004@ 123456yahoo.com Tel.: 90 544 411 1594
                Article
                Publisher ID: cln_66p743
                DOI: 10.1590/S1807-59322011000500006
                PMC ID: 3109369
                PubMed ID: 21789374
                SO-VID: da5a0a03-ac91-4698-933a-34e39c97a430
                Copyright © Copyright © 2011 Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 28 December 2010
                Date revision received : 2 February 2011
                Date accepted : 2 February 2011
                Page count
                Pages: 4
                Categories
                Subject: Clinical Science

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: oxidative stress,amd,protein oxidation,antioxidants
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: oxidative stress, amd, protein oxidation, antioxidants

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