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      Ca 2+-Regulated Photoproteins: Effective Immunoassay Reporters

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          Abstract

          Ca 2+-regulated photoproteins of luminous marine coelenterates are of interest and a challenge for researchers as a unique bioluminescent system and as a promising analytical instrument for both in vivo and in vitro applications. The proteins are comprehensively studied as to biochemical properties, tertiary structures, bioluminescence mechanism, etc. This knowledge, along with available recombinant proteins serves the basis for development of unique bioluminescent detection systems that are “self-contained”, triggerable, fast, highly sensitive, and non-hazardous. In the paper, we focus on the use of photoproteins as reporters in binding assays based on immunological recognition element—bioluminescent immunoassay and hybridization immunoassay, their advantages and prospects.

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          Most cited references72

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          Bioluminescence in the sea.

          Bioluminescence spans all oceanic dimensions and has evolved many times--from bacteria to fish--to powerfully influence behavioral and ecosystem dynamics. New methods and technology have brought great advances in understanding of the molecular basis of bioluminescence, its physiological control, and its significance in marine communities. Novel tools derived from understanding the chemistry of natural light-producing molecules have led to countless valuable applications, culminating recently in a related Nobel Prize. Marine organisms utilize bioluminescence for vital functions ranging from defense to reproduction. To understand these interactions and the distributions of luminous organisms, new instruments and platforms allow observations on individual to oceanographic scales. This review explores recent advances, including the chemical and molecular, phylogenetic and functional, community and oceanographic aspects of bioluminescence.
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            Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for the luminescent protein aequorin.

            The luminescent jellyfish Aequorea contains a photoprotein, aequorin, which emits light by an intramolecular reaction in the presence of a trace amount of Ca2+. A cDNA library of Aequorea was constructed and clones carrying the cDNA for the Ca2+-dependent photoprotein were isolated by the method of colony hybridization using synthetic oligonucleotide probes. The primary structure of the protein deduced from the nucleotide sequence showed that the protein is composed of 189 amino acid residues and has three E-F hand structures that are characteristic for Ca2+-binding sites. The sequence also suggested that the protein has hydrophobic regions at which the protein may interact with its functional chromophore, coelenterazine.
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              Biotechnological applications of bioluminescence and chemiluminescence.

              Recent progress in molecular biology has made available several biotechnological tools that take advantage of the high detectability and rapidity of bioluminescence and chemiluminescence spectroscopy. These developments provide inroads to in vitro and in vivo continuous monitoring of biological processes (e.g. gene expression, protein-protein interaction and disease progression), with clinical, diagnostic and drug discovery applications. Furthermore, combining luminescent enzymes or photoproteins with biospecific recognition elements at the genetic level has led to the development of ultrasensitive and selective bioanalytical tools, such as recombinant whole-cell biosensors, immunoassays and nucleic acid hybridization assays. The high detectability of the luminescence analytical signal makes it appropriate for miniaturized bioanalytical devices (e.g. microarrays, microfluidic devices and high-density-well microtiter plates) for the high-throughput screening of genes and proteins in small sample volumes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sensors (Basel)
                Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
                1424-8220
                2010
                10 December 2010
                : 10
                : 12
                : 11287-11300
                Affiliations
                Institute of Biophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, 50, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia; E-Mail: lfrank@ 123456yandex.ru ; Tel.: +8-391-249-44-30; Fax: +8-391-243-34-00
                Article
                sensors-10-11287
                10.3390/s101211287
                3231056
                22163526
                da74fed6-1e19-4b2a-9c01-61202280bd4d
                © 2010 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                : 29 October 2010
                : 24 November 2010
                : 3 December 2010
                Categories
                Review

                Biomedical engineering
                bioluminescence,immunoassay,re-engineered photoproteins,pcr-elisa,ca2+-regulated photoprotein,multiplex assay

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