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      Prolactin-induced protein (PIP)-characterization and role in breast cancer progression

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          Abstract

          Prolactin-induced protein (PIP) is a small secreted glycoprotein carrying several N-linked carbohydrate chains. The expression of PIP is generally restricted to cells with apocrine properties. It was found in apocrine glands of the axilla, vulva, eyelid, ear canal, and seminal vesicle. Being a secretory protein, PIP is present in seminal plasma, saliva, lacrimal fluid, tears, sweat gland secretion. Little is known about the biological role of PIP. It binds to numerous proteins, however, in most cases the biological role of such interactions is poorly understood. A notable exception is its binding to CD4 receptors present on the surface of T lymphocytes, macrophages, and spermatozoa. The available data suggest that PIP can have immunomodulatory functions and plays an important role in cell-mediate adoptive immunity. PIP binds to bacteria from several genera, which suggests that this glycoprotein may participate also in innate immunity and protection of hosts against microbial infections. Increased levels of PIP were found in several types of human cancer (prostate, sweat and salivary gland cancers). It is especially common in breast cancer, however, data on the expression of PIP in normal and cancerous breast cancer tissues are to some degree conflicting. In early studies, it was shown that PIP is absent or its expression is very low in normal breast epithelium, whereas in breast cancers PIP is frequently expressed and present in large amounts. On the other hand, later study showed that expression of PIP is lower in advanced apocrine carcinomas and invasive carcinomas than in, respectively, in situ carcinomas and adjacent normal tissue. The most recent study revealed that PIP gene expression decreased gradually along with higher stage and grade of breast cancer. In agreement with these data, it was shown that that low levels or the lack of PIP expression are associated with a worse response of breast cancer cells to chemotherapy. It was proposed that PIP plays important role in the development and progression of breast cancer. However, its role in these processes is both unclear and controversial. In this review, the role of PIP in both physiological processes and carcinogenesis is discussed.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Am J Cancer Res
          Am J Cancer Res
          ajcr
          American Journal of Cancer Research
          e-Century Publishing Corporation
          2156-6976
          2018
          01 November 2018
          : 8
          : 11
          : 2150-2164
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Laboratory of Glycobiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences Wroclaw, Poland
          [2 ] Department of Human Morphology, Division of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University Wroclaw, Poland
          [3 ] Department of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education Wroclaw, Poland
          [4 ] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wroclaw, Poland
          Author notes
          Address correspondence to: Piotr Dziegiel, Department of Human Morphology, Division of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 6a, Wroclaw 50-368, Poland. Tel: 71-784-13-55; Fax: 71-784-00-82; E-mail: piotr.dziegiel@ 123456umed.wroc.pl ; Maciej Ugorski, Laboratory of Glycobiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland. E-mail: ugorski@ 123456iitd.pan.wroc.pl
          Article
          PMC6291655 PMC6291655 6291655
          6291655
          30555735
          da8d8883-6661-4360-82e4-ea6b6c761bae
          AJCR Copyright © 2018
          History
          : 07 September 2018
          : 17 September 2018
          Categories
          Review Article

          prolactin-induced protein,gp-17,GCDFP-15,PIP,breast cancer,gross cystic disease fluid protein 15

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