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      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
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      Is Open Access

      sLORETA Source Localisation of Visual Mismatch Negativity in Dyslexic Children During Malay Orthographical Lexicon Stimulations

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          Abstract

          Background

          While there are studies on visual lexical processing in other languages among dyslexics, no studies were done in the Malay language. The origin of visual lexical processing might be different in the Malay language. We aimed to detect the source localisation of visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) during Malay orthographic lexicon stimulations, employing an event-related potential (ERP) study.

          Methods

          Twelve dyslexic and twelve non-dyslexic children participated in this study. They pushed button ‘1’ when they saw real (meaningful) Malay words and button ‘2’ for pseudowords (meaningless). The source localisation of vMMN was performed in the grand average waveform by applying the standardised low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) method using Net Station software.

          Results

          Left occipital (BA17) and left temporal (BA37) lobes were activated during real words in the non-dyslexic and dyslexic children, respectively. During pseudowords, BA18 and BA17 areas of the left occipital lobe were activated in the non-dyslexic and dyslexic children, separately. vMMN sources were found at the left temporal (BA37) and right frontal (BA11) lobes in non-dyslexic and dyslexic children, respectively.

          Conclusion

          Right frontal lobe is the decision-making area where vMMN source was found in dyslexic children. We concluded that dyslexic children required the decision-making area to detect Malay real and pseudowords.

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          Most cited references15

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          The problem of functional localization in the human brain.

          Matthew Brett, Ingrid S. Johnsrude, Adrian M. Owen (2002)
          Functional imaging gives us increasingly detailed information about the location of brain activity. To use this information, we need a clear conception of the meaning of location data. Here, we review methods for reporting location in functional imaging and discuss the problems that arise from the great variability in brain anatomy between individuals. These problems cause uncertainty in localization, which limits the effective resolution of functional imaging, especially for brain areas involved in higher cognitive function.
          Article 0 comments Cited 257 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The mismatch negativity: A review of underlying mechanisms

            Marta I. Garrido, James M. Kilner, Klaas Stephan … (2009)
            The mismatch negativity (MMN) is a brain response to violations of a rule, established by a sequence of sensory stimuli (typically in the auditory domain) [Näätänen R. Attention and brain function. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1992]. The MMN reflects the brain’s ability to perform automatic comparisons between consecutive stimuli and provides an electrophysiological index of sensory learning and perceptual accuracy. Although the MMN has been studied extensively, the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the MMN are not well understood. Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain the generation of the MMN; amongst these accounts, the “adaptation hypothesis” and the “model adjustment hypothesis” have received the most attention. This paper presents a review of studies that focus on neuronal mechanisms underlying the MMN generation, discusses the two major explanatory hypotheses, and proposes predictive coding as a general framework that attempts to unify both.
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              Choosing between small, likely rewards and large, unlikely rewards activates inferior and orbital prefrontal cortex.

              Robert D. Rogers, Adrian M. Owen, Hugh C Middleton … (1999)
              Patients sustaining lesions of the orbital prefrontal cortex (PFC) exhibit marked impairments in the performance of laboratory-based gambling, or risk-taking, tasks, suggesting that this part of the human PFC contributes to decision-making cognition. However, to date, little is known about the particular regions of the orbital cortex that participate in this function. In the present study, eight healthy volunteers were scanned, using H(2)(15)0 PET technology, while performing a novel computerized risk-taking task. The task involved predicting which of two mutually exclusive outcomes would occur, but critically, the larger reward (and penalty) was associated with choice of the least likely outcome, whereas the smallest reward (and penalty) was associated with choice of the most likely outcome. Resolving these "conflicting" decisions was associated with three distinct foci of regional cerebral blood flow increase within the right inferior and orbital PFC: laterally, in the anterior part of the middle frontal gyrus [Brodmann area 10 (BA 10)], medially, in the orbital gyrus (BA 11), and posteriorly, in the anterior portion of the inferior frontal gyrus (BA 47). By contrast, increases in the degree of conflict inherent in these decisions was associated with only limited changes in activity within orbital PFC and the anterior cingulate cortex. These results suggest that decision making recruits neural activity from multiple regions of the inferior PFC that receive information from a diverse set of cortical and limbic inputs, and that the contribution of the orbitofrontal regions may involve processing changes in reward-related information.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Malays J Med Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Malays J Med Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences
                Title: The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences : MJMS
                Publisher: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia
                ISSN (Print): 1394-195X
                ISSN (Electronic): 2180-4303
                Publication date (Print): October 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 October 2020
                Volume: 27
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 36-42
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
                [2 ]Department of Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Dr Tahamina Begum, MBBS (Sher-E-Bangla Medical College, Dhaka, University, Bangladesh), PhD (Kyoto University, Japan), Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. Tel: +609 767 6315, Fax: +609 767 6315, E-mails: tahaminabegum70@ 123456hotmail.com , tahamina676@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: 04mjms27052020_oa1
                DOI: 10.21315/mjms2020.27.5.4
                PMC ID: 7605831
                SO-VID: dab646cd-ca37-4055-b46d-9e02d36cd5af
                Copyright © © Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2020
                License:

                This work is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 15 April 2020
                Date accepted : 04 August 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: event related potential,dyslexia,pseudoword,visual lexical processing,decision making
                Data availability:
                Keywords: event related potential, dyslexia, pseudoword, visual lexical processing, decision making

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