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      Aerobic Capacity Reference Data in 3816 Healthy Men and Women 20–90 Years

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          To provide a large reference material on aerobic fitness and exercise physiology data in a healthy population of Norwegian men and women aged 20–90 years.

          Methods

          Maximal and sub maximal levels of VO 2, heart rate, oxygen pulse, and rating of perceived exertion (Borg scale: 6–20) were measured in 1929 men and 1881 women during treadmill running.

          Results

          The highest VO 2max and maximal heart rate among men and women were observed in the youngest age group (20–29 years) and was 54.4±8.4 mL·kg −1·min −1 and 43.0±7.7 mL·kg −1·min −1 (sex differences, p<0.001) and 196±10 beats·min −1 and 194±9 beats·min −1 (sex differences, p<0.05), respectively, with a subsequent reduction of approximately 3.5 mL·kg −1·min −1 and 6 beats·min −1 per decade. The highest oxygen pulses were observed in the 3 youngest age groups (20–29 years, 30–39 years, 40–49 years) among men and women; 22.3 mL·beat −1±3.6 and 14.7 mL·beat −1±2.7 (sex differences, p<0.001), respectively, with no significant difference between these age groups. After the age of 50 we observed an 8% reduction per decade among both sexes. Borg scores appear to give a good estimate of the relative exercise intensity, although observing a slightly different relationship than reported in previous reference material from small populations.

          Conclusion

          This is the largest European reference material of objectively measured parameters of aerobic fitness and exercise-physiology in healthy men and women aged 20–90 years, forming the basis for an easily accessible, valid and understandable tool for improved training prescription in healthy men and women.

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          Most cited references27

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          Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited.

          We sought to determine a generalized equation for predicting maximal heart rate (HRmax) in healthy adults. The age-predicted HRmax equation (i.e., 220 - age) is commonly used as a basis for prescribing exercise programs, as a criterion for achieving maximal exertion and as a clinical guide during diagnostic exercise testing. Despite its importance and widespread use, the validity of the HRmax equation has never been established in a sample that included a sufficient number of older adults. First, a meta-analytic approach was used to collect group mean HRmax values from 351 studies involving 492 groups and 18,712 subjects. Subsequently, the new equation was cross-validated in a well-controlled, laboratory-based study in which HRmax was measured in 514 healthy subjects. In the meta-analysis, HRmax was strongly related to age (r = -0.90), using the equation of 208 - 0.7 x age. The regression equation obtained in the laboratory-based study (209 - 0.7 x age) was virtually identical to that obtained from the meta-analysis. The regression line was not different between men and women, nor was it influenced by wide variations in habitual physical activity levels. 1) A regression equation to predict HRmax is 208 - 0.7 x age in healthy adults. 2) HRmax is predicted, to a large extent, by age alone and is independent of gender and habitual physical activity status. Our findings suggest that the currently used equation underestimates HRmax in older adults. This would have the effect of underestimating the true level of physical stress imposed during exercise testing and the appropriate intensity of prescribed exercise programs.
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            Physical activity questionnaires for adults: a systematic review of measurement properties.

            Many questionnaires have been developed to measure physical activity (PA), but an overview of the measurement properties of PA questionnaires is lacking. A summary of this information is useful for choosing the best questionnaire available. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate and compare measurement properties of self-administered questionnaires assessing PA in adults. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and SportDiscus, using 'exercise', 'physical activity', 'motor activity' and 'questionnaire' as keywords. We included studies that evaluated the measurement properties of self-report questionnaires assessing PA. Article selection, data extraction and quality assessment were performed by two independent reviewers. The quality and results of the studies were evaluated using the Quality Assessment of Physical Activity Questionnaires (QAPAQ) checklist. Construct validity, reliability and responsiveness were rated as positive, negative or indeterminate, depending on the methods and results. We included 85 (versions of) questionnaires. Overall, the quality of the studies assessing measurement properties of PA questionnaires was rather poor. Information on content validity was mostly lacking. Construct validity was assessed in 76 of the questionnaires, mostly by correlations with accelerometer data, maximal oxygen uptake or activity diaries. Fifty-one questionnaires were tested for reliability. Only a few questionnaires had sufficient construct validity and reliability, but these need to be further validated. Responsiveness was studied for only two questionnaires and was poor. There is a clear lack of standardization of PA questionnaires, resulting in many variations of questionnaires. No questionnaire or type of questionnaire for assessing PA was superior and therefore could not be strongly recommended above others. In the future, more attention should be paid to the methodology of studies assessing measurement properties of PA questionnaires and the quality of reporting.
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              Reliability and validity of self-reported physical activity in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study: HUNT 1.

              A large health survey was previously conducted in 1984-86, the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT 1), and another was conducted in 1995-97 (HUNT 2). A third, HUNT 3, started in 2006. However, the physical activity (PA) questionnaires have not yet been validated. To assess the reliability and validity of the self-reported physical activity questionnaire in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT 1). The HUNT 1 questionnaire was administered to a random sample of 108 healthy men aged 20-39 years. Repeatability was assessed with a repeat questionnaire after one week, and validity by comparing results with direct measurement of VO(2) during maximal work on a treadmill, with ActiReg, an instrument that measures PA and energy expenditure (EE) and with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). ActiReg records the main body positions (stand, sit, bent forward and lie) together with the motion of the trunk and/or one leg each second. The results indicated strong, significant agreement on test-retest (weighted kappa frequency, r=0.80, intensity, r=0.82, and duration, r=0.69). We found a moderate, significant correlation, r=0.48 (p< or =0.01), between the index based on questionnaire responses and VO(2max.) Metabolic equivalent (MET) values of 6 or more from ActiReg and "vigorous activity'' from the IPAQ most strongly correlated with the index (r=0.39, r=0.55, respectively). Associations of other measures obtained from ActiReg with questionnaire responses were weaker. Our results indicate that the PA questionnaire in HUNT 1 is reproducible and provides a useful measure of leisure-time PA for men. The questionnaire is very short, and compared favourably with much longer instruments for assessment of more vigorous PA. It should be an appropriate tool for use in further epidemiological studies, particularly when the interest is in aspects of PA reflected in fitness or METs greater than 6.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                1932-6203
                2013
                15 May 2013
                : 8
                : 5
                : e64319
                Affiliations
                [1 ]K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine at Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
                [2 ]Valnesfjord Rehabilitation Center, Valnesfjord, Norway
                [3 ]Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
                Universidad Europea de Madrid, Spain
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors are declaring a commercial funder, Roche Norway Incorporated. This does not alter the authors’ adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: UW. Performed the experiments: UW OR. Analyzed the data: HL OR BS UW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: HL OR BS UW. Wrote the paper: HL OR BS UW. Conception and design of the work, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data: HL OR BS UW. Drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content: HL OR BS UW. Final approval of the version to be published: HL OR BS UW.

                Article
                PONE-D-13-08796
                10.1371/journal.pone.0064319
                3654926
                23691196
                dab9f3a1-bd4a-49e9-9fb2-608f716a3c54
                Copyright @ 2013

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 27 February 2013
                : 10 April 2013
                Page count
                Pages: 11
                Funding
                This study was funded by K.G. Jebsen Foundation, The Norwegian Council on Cardiovascular Disease, The Research Council of Norway (funding for Outstanding Young Investigators (UW) and scholarship (HL)), Foundation for Cardiovascular Research at St. Olav’s Hospital, Norwegian State Railways, Roche Norway Incorporated and Valnesfjord Rehabilitation Center. There are no disclosures to report or any conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology
                Anatomy and Physiology
                Cardiovascular System
                Circulatory Physiology
                Respiratory System
                Respiratory Physiology
                Integrative Physiology
                Physiological Processes
                Medicine
                Anatomy and Physiology
                Cardiovascular System
                Circulatory Physiology
                Respiratory System
                Respiratory Physiology
                Integrative Physiology
                Epidemiology
                Clinical Epidemiology
                Sports and Exercise Medicine

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                Uncategorized

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