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      Candida albicans and C. tropicalis Isolates from the Expired Breathes of Captive Dolphins and Their Environments in an Aquarium

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          Abstract

          Genotypes of Candida spp. isolated from exhalation of 20 dolphins, 11 water samples from captive pools, and 24 oral cavities of staff members in an aquarium using a combination of multiple drug resistance 1 gene ( MDR1) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 5.8s-ITS 2 regions of ribosomal RNA gene ( ITS rDNA) sequences were studied. The holding ratios of the dolphins, captive pools, and staff members were 70, 90, and 29%, respectively. Isolated pathogenic yeast species common to the dolphins and environments were Candida albicans and C. tropicalis. Identical genotypes in both Candida spp. based on the combination of MDR1 and ITSrDNA were found in some dolphins, between a dolphin and a staff, among dolphins and environments, and among environments. The results indicated the diffusion and exchange of pathogenic yeasts at the aquarium among dolphins and environments. The isolates at the aquarium showed higher rates of resistance to azole antifungals compared to reference isolates.

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          AMPLIFICATION AND DIRECT SEQUENCING OF FUNGAL RIBOSOMAL RNA GENES FOR PHYLOGENETICS

          T.J White, T. Bruns, S. Lee … (1990)
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            Molecular phylogeny of the Pseudallescheria boydii species complex: proposal of two new species.

            Josep Cano, Josepa Gené, Félix Gilgado … (2005)
            Pseudallescheria boydii (anamorph Scedosporium apiospermum) is the species responsible for human scedosporiosis, a fungal infection with a high mortality rate and which is difficult to treat. Recently, it has been demonstrated that high genetic variation exists within this species. We have performed a morphological and molecular study involving numerous strains of clinical or environmental origins and from different countries. The analysis of partial sequences of the beta-tubulin (two loci) and calmodulin genes and the internal transcribed spacer region of the rRNA gene has demonstrated that P. boydii is a species complex. The combined analysis of the sequences of the four loci of 60 strains has showed the presence of 44 haplotypes in the in group. Three species morphologically related to P. boydii sensu stricto, i.e., Pseudallescheria angusta, Pseudallescheria ellipsoidea, and Pseudallescheria fusoidea, which had previously been considered synonyms, could be differentiated genetically from P. boydii in our study. It is relevant that two of the three strains now included in P. ellipsoidea have caused invasive infections. The species Pseudallescheria minutispora and Scedosporium aurantiacum are clearly phylogenetically separated from the other species studied and are here proposed as new. Morphological features support this proposal. All the strains included in S. aurantiacum species have a clinical origin, while those included in P. minutispora are environmental. Further studies are needed to demonstrate whether all the species included in the P. boydii complex have different clinical spectra and antifungal susceptibility.
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              Multilocus sequence typing for differentiation of strains of Candida tropicalis.

              Arianna Tavanti, M Maiden, Jing Shaw … (2005)
              A system is described for typing isolates of the pathogenic fungus Candida tropicalis, based on sequence polymorphisms in fragments of six genes: ICL1, MDR1, SAPT2, SAPT4, XYR1, and ZWF1a. The system differentiated 87 diploid sequence types (DSTs) among a total of 106 isolates tested or 80 DSTs among 88 isolates from unique sources. Replicate isolates from the same source clustered together with high statistical similarity, with the exception of one isolate. However, a clade of very closely related isolates included replicate isolates from three different patients, as well as single isolates from eight other patients. This clade, provisionally designated clade 1, was one of three clusters of isolates with high statistical similarity. Five of six isolates in one cluster that may acquire clade status were resistant to flucytosine. This study adds C. tropicalis to Candida albicans and Candida glabrata as Candida species for which a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) system has been set up. The C. tropicalis MLST database can be accessed at http://pubmlst.org/ctropicalis/.
              Article 0 comments Cited 40 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vet Med Int
                Journal ID (publisher-id): VMI
                Title: Veterinary Medicine International
                Publisher: SAGE-Hindawi Access to Research
                ISSN (Electronic): 2042-0048
                Publication date Collection: 2010
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 December 2010
                Volume: 2010
                Electronic Location Identifier: 349364
                Affiliations
                1Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
                2Aquatic Mammal Section, Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, 424 Ishikawa, Motobu-cho,Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 905-0206, Japan
                3Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86051-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
                4Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
                5Laboratory of Experimental Animals, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Pedro J. Ginel

                Article
                DOI: 10.4061/2010/349364
                PMC ID: 3014685
                PubMed ID: 21234394
                SO-VID: dac1ce21-8d3e-4088-956f-14e30fd2ec72
                Copyright © Copyright © 2010 Hideo Takahashi et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 26 August 2010
                Date accepted : 10 November 2010
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine

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