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      Efeito da fortificação de farinhas com ferro sobre anemia em pré-escolares, Pelotas, RS Translated title: Effect of iron fortification of flour on anemia in preschool children in Pelotas, Brazil

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          Abstract

          OBJETIVO: A fortificação de farinhas com ferro foi estabelecida por lei no Brasil, em 2004. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o impacto da fortificação sobre nível de hemoglobina em crianças menores de seis anos. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado em Pelotas, RS, sendo uma série temporal com três avaliações a cada 12 meses. Em maio de 2004, antes da fortificação das farinhas, foram medidos níveis de hemoglobina em amostra probabilística de 453 crianças. Após 12 e 24 meses, foram estudadas amostras de 923 e 863 crianças, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Os três grupos estudados foram comparáveis em relação a características demográficas e socioeconômicas. No estudo de linha de base, as médias de hemoglobina foram 11,3±2,8 g/dL. Após a fortificação esses valores foram 11,2±2,8 (12 meses) e 11,3±2,5 g/dL (24 meses), não havendo diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os três momentos estudados (p=0,16). CONCLUSÕES: Nenhum efeito da fortificação foi observado nos níveis de hemoglobina das crianças estudadas, o que pode ser parcialmente explicado pelo consumo insuficiente de farinhas e/ou pela baixa biodisponibilidade do ferro adicionado.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIVE: Iron fortification of flour has been sanctioned by the Brazilian government since 2004. The objective of the study was to assess the impact of flour fortification on hemoglobin level in children under six. METHODS: A time-series study was carried out in Pelotas, southern Brazil, consisting of three assessments at a 12-month interval. In May 2004, before flour fortification, hemoglobin measurements were obtained in a probabilistic sample of 453 children. Twelve and 24 months later, samples of 923 and 863 children were studied, respectively. RESULTS: The three groups studied were comparable in terms of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. At baseline, mean hemoglobin was 11.3±2.8 g/dL. In the post-fortification period, means were 11.2±2.8 (at 12 months) and 11.3±2.5 g/dL (at 24 months), with no statistically significant difference among the three time periods studied (p=0.16). CONCLUSIONS: Fortification had no effect on hemoglobin levels of the children studied. This finding could be partially due to inadequate flour intake and/or low bioavailability of dietary iron.

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          Diagnosis and management of iron-deficiency anaemia.

          Bruce Cook (2005)
          Anaemia is typically the first clue to iron deficiency, but an isolated haemoglobin measurement has both low specificity and low sensitivity. The latter can be improved by including measures of iron-deficient erythropoiesis such as the transferrin iron saturation, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin, percentage of hypochromic erythrocytes or reticulocyte haemoglobin concentration. However, the changes in these measurements with iron deficiency are indistinguishable from those seen in patients with the anaemia of chronic disease. The optimal diagnostic approach is to measure the serum ferritin as an index of iron stores and the serum transferrin receptor as a index of tissue iron deficiency. The treatment of iron deficiency should always be initiated with oral iron. When this fails because of large blood losses, iron malabsorption, or intolerance to oral iron, parenteral iron can be given using iron dextran, iron gluconate or iron sucrose.
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            Iron fortification and iron supplementation are cost-effective interventions to reduce iron deficiency in four subregions of the world.

            Iron deficiency is the most common and widespread nutritional disorder in the world, affecting millions of people in both nonindustrialized and industrialized countries. We estimated the costs, effects, and cost-effectiveness of iron supplementation and iron fortification interventions in 4 regions of the world. The effects on population health were arrived at by using a population model designed to estimate the lifelong impact of iron supplementation or iron fortification on individuals benefiting from such interventions. The population model took into consideration effectiveness, patient adherence, and geographic coverage. Costs were based on primary data collection and on a review of the literature. At 95% geographic coverage, iron supplementation has a larger impact on population health than iron fortification. Iron supplementation would avert <12,500 disability adjusted life years (DALY) annually in the European subregion, with very low rates of adult and child mortality, to almost 2.5 million DALYs in the African and Southeast Asian subregions, with high rates of adult and child mortality. On the other hand, fortification is less costly than supplementation and appears to be more cost effective than iron supplementation, regardless of the geographic coverage of fortification. We conclude that iron fortification is economically more attractive than iron supplementation. However, spending the extra resources to implement iron supplementation is still a cost-effective option. The results should be interpreted with caution, because evidence of intervention effectiveness predominantly relates to small-scale efficacy trials, which may not reflect the actual effect under expected conditions.
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              Fortification: overcoming technical and practical barriers.

              The main barriers to successful iron fortification are the following: 1) finding an iron compound that is adequately absorbed but causes no sensory changes to the food vehicle; and 2) overcoming the inhibitory effect on iron absorption of dietary components such as phytic acid, phenolic compounds and calcium. These barriers have been successfully overcome with some food vehicles but not with others. Iron-fortified fish sauce, soy sauce, curry powder, sugar, dried milk, infant formula and cereal based complementary foods have been demonstrated to improve iron status in targeted populations. The reasons for this success include the use of soluble iron such as ferrous sulfate, the addition of ascorbic acid as an absorption enhancer or the use of NaFeEDTA to overcome the negative effect of phytic acid. In contrast, at the present time, it is not possible to guarantee a similar successful fortification of cereal flours or salt. There is considerable doubt that the elemental iron powders currently used to fortify cereal flours are adequately absorbed, and there is an urgent need to investigate their potential for improving iron status. Better absorbed alternative compounds for cereal fortification include encapsulated ferrous sulfate and NaFeEDTA, which, unlike ferrous sulfate, do not provoke fat oxidation of cereals during storage. Encapsulated compounds also offer a possibility to fortify low grade salt without causing off-colors or iodine loss. Finally, a new and useful additional approach to ensuring adequate iron absorption from cereal based complementary foods is the complete degradation of phytic acid with added phytases or by activating native cereal phytases.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rsp
                Revista de Saúde Pública
                Rev. Saúde Pública
                Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0034-8910
                1518-8787
                August 2007
                : 41
                : 4
                : 539-548
                Affiliations
                [02] Pelotas RS orgnameUniversidade Federal de Pelotas orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina Brasil
                [01] Pelotas RS orgnameUniversidade Federal de Pelotas orgdiv1Faculdade de Nutrição orgdiv2Departamento de Nutrição Brasil
                Article
                S0034-89102007000400007 S0034-8910(07)04100407
                daccddf2-b048-42fc-9b4a-d271d4c14f10

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 November 2006
                : 28 February 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 22, Pages: 10
                Categories
                Artigos Originais

                Alimentos fortificados,Hemoglobinas,Anemia,Ferro na dieta,Farinha,Time series studies,Intervention studies,Child, Preschool,Hemoglobins,Iron, dietary,Flour,Food, fortified,Estudos de séries temporais,Estudos de intervenção,Pré-escolar

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