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      Proteinuria: lesión estructural renaly comparación de métodos Translated title: Proteinuria: renal structural injury and comparison of methods Translated title: Proteinúria: lesão estrutural renal e comparação de métodos

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          Abstract

          La proteinuria (PT-ur) es un marcador de enfermedad renal, sin un método de referencia establecido. Mediante electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida con dodecilsulfato de sodio (SDS-PAGE) con tinción argéntica pueden identificarse de manera no-invasiva perfiles proteicos urinarios (PPU) de tipo glomerular (G), tubular (Tc: completos, Ti: incompletos) y mixtos (GTc, GTi) con fines diagnósticos/pronósticos y de evolución. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia (P) de los PPU para cada nivel de PT-ur obtenido con cuatro métodos diferentes, en pacientes con sospecha de lesión renal. Se procesaron 105 orinas de 24 h de recolección clasificadas mediante tira reactiva (TR) y 2 pacientes con proteinuria de Bence Jones (PBJ)>2 g/L. La cuantificación de PT-ur se realizó con ácido sulfosalicílico (SSA) y Bradford (CBB) "in-house"; cloruro de benzetonio (BZT-Roche) y rojo de pirogallol-molibdato (PRM-Wiener)-Hitachi 917. Se realizó uroproteinograma y SDS-PAGE. Los cuatro métodos presentaron correlación significativa (pla P del Ti fue del 33% y del 16% para GTi. En TR 1+/2+, el GTi de mediana selectividad presentó una P del 33%/30% y el GTc de 26%/57%, respectivamente, que se incrementó al 66% para TR 3+, con escasa-selectividad. Las PBJ presentaron valores estables mediante BZT, con diluciones manuales o realizadas por el equipo. La PT-ur mediante los métodos de cuantificación ensayados resultaron comparables y el BZT mostró PT-ur variables en presencia de PBJ dependiendo de la dilución empleada. En todos los niveles de PT-ur fue posible identificar la P de todas las lesiones estructurales con selectividades progresivamente comprometidas.

          Translated abstract

          Proteinuria (TP-ur) is associated with adverse outcomes. Analytical specificities as well as the calibration of the methods cause considerable variation of TP-ur. SDS-PAGE with silver staining is an excellent single-test for non-invasively diagnosing a complete (cT) or incompleted tubular (iT) and/or glomerular (G) protein profile (PP). In order to establish the prevalence (P) of structural lesions and to compare four TP-ur methods, one hundred and five 24 h urine collection, selected by dipstick urinalysis values (DUV), were analyzed. Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250(CBB)/Sulphosalicylic Acid (SSA) (in-house manually developed methods) and benzethonium-chloride(BZT)/ pyrogallol red-molybdate(PRM) (Hitachi-917 analyzer) were employed. Two samples containing >2 g/L of Bence Jones protein (BJP) were assayed. SDS-PAGE and conventional zone electrophoresis (ZE), both stained with the silver stain procedure were developed. The data showed consistency in detecting a P of GiT (16%) and iT (33%) for negative DUV. 1+/2+ DUV presented a P of 33%, 30% for GiT with a partially conserved selectivity, and 26%, 57% of a GcT PP, respectively. In 3+ DUV a GcT PP was 66%, with non-selective profile. Statistically significant correlation coefficients (p2 g/L TP-ur must be performed by diluting the sample to get useful clinical information.

          Translated abstract

          A proteinúria (PT-ur) é um marcador de doença renal, sem um método de referência estabelecido. Através da eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida com dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE) com tinção argêntea podem ser identificados de maneira não-invasiva perfis proteicos urinários (PPU) de tipo glomerular (G), tubular (Tc: completos, Ti: incompletos) e mistos (GTc, GTi) com fins diagnósticos/prognósticos e de evolução. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a prevalência (P) dos PPU para cada nível de PT-ur obtido com quatro métodos diferentes, em pacientes com suspeita de lesão renal. Foram processadas 105 urinas de 24 h. de coleta classificadas mediante fita reagente (FR) e 2 pacientes com Proteinúria de Bence Jones (PBJ)>2 g/L. A quantificação de PT-ur foi realizada com ácido sulfossalicílico (SSA) e Bradford (CBB) "in-house"; cloreto de benzetônio (BZT-Roche) e vermelho de pirogalol-molibdato (PRM-Wiener)-Hitachi917. Realizou-se uroproteinograma e SDS-PAGE. Os quatro métodos apresentaram correlação significativa (p< 0,05) para PT-ur e uma comparação estatisticamente não-significativa de médias em todos os níveis de TR. Para TR negativa (PT-ur em faixa normal), a P do Ti foi de 33% e de 16% para GTi. Em TR 1+/2+, o GTi de média seletividade apresentou uma P de 33%/30% e o GTc de 26%/57%, respectivamente, que aumentou para 66% para TR 3+, com escassa-seletividade. As PBJ apresentaram valores estáveis mediante BZT, com diluições manuais ou realizadas pela equipe. A PT-ur mediante os métodos de quantificação ensaiados resultaram comparáveis e o BZT mostrou PT-ur variáveis em presença de PBJ dependendo da diluição utilizada. Em todos os níveis de PT-ur foi possível identificar a P de todas as lesões estruturais com seletividades progressivamente comprometidas.

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          Relation between kidney function, proteinuria, and adverse outcomes.

          The current staging system for chronic kidney disease is based primarily on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) with lower eGFR associated with higher risk of adverse outcomes. Although proteinuria is also associated with adverse outcomes, it is not used to refine risk estimates of adverse events in this current system. To determine the association between reduced GFR, proteinuria, and adverse clinical outcomes. Community-based cohort study with participants identified from a province-wide laboratory registry that includes eGFR and proteinuria measurements from Alberta, Canada, between 2002 and 2007. There were 920 985 adults who had at least 1 outpatient serum creatinine measurement and who did not require renal replacement treatment at baseline. Proteinuria was assessed by urine dipstick or albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR). All-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, and progression to kidney failure. The majority of individuals (89.1%) had an eGFR of 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or greater. Over median follow-up of 35 months (range, 0-59 months), 27 959 participants (3.0%) died. The fully adjusted rate of all-cause mortality was higher in study participants with lower eGFRs or heavier proteinuria. Adjusted mortality rates were more than 2-fold higher among individuals with heavy proteinuria measured by urine dipstick and eGFR of 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or greater, as compared with those with eGFR of 45 to 59.9 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and normal protein excretion (rate, 7.2 [95% CI, 6.6-7.8] vs 2.9 [95% CI, 2.7-3.0] per 1000 person-years, respectively; rate ratio, 2.5 [95% CI, 2.3-2.7]). Similar results were observed when proteinuria was measured by ACR (15.9 [95% CI, 14.0-18.1] and 7.0 [95% CI, 6.4-7.6] per 1000 person-years for heavy and absent proteinuria, respectively; rate ratio, 2.3 [95% CI, 2.0-2.6]) and for the outcomes of hospitalization with acute myocardial infarction, end-stage renal disease, and doubling of serum creatinine level. The risks of mortality, myocardial infarction, and progression to kidney failure associated with a given level of eGFR are independently increased in patients with higher levels of proteinuria.
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            Pathophysiology of progressive nephropathies.

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              How should proteinuria be detected and measured?

              Proteinuria is a classic sign of kidney disease and its presence carries powerful prognostic information. Although proteinuria testing is enshrined in clinical practice guidelines, there is surprising variation among such guidelines as to the definition of clinically significant proteinuria. There is also poor agreement as to whether proteinuria should be defined in terms of albumin or total protein loss, with a different approach being used to stratify diabetic and non-diabetic nephropathy. Further, the role of reagent strip devices in the detection and assessment of proteinuria is unclear. This review explores these issues in relation to recent national and international guidelines on chronic kidney disease (CKD) and epidemiological evidence linking proteinuria and clinical outcome. The authors argue that use of urinary albumin measurement as the front-line test for proteinuria detection offers the best chance of improving the sensitivity, quality and consistency of approach to the early detection and management of CKD.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                abcl
                Acta bioquímica clínica latinoamericana
                Acta bioquím. clín. latinoam.
                Federación Bioquímica de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina )
                0325-2957
                1851-6114
                March 2013
                : 47
                : 1
                : 85-93
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameINFIBIOC
                [02] orgnameUniversidad de Buenos Aires orgdiv1Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín orgdiv2Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica
                Article
                S0325-29572013000100011
                db288535-7e30-4ae5-b334-0495340b9925

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 9
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                SciELO Argentina


                Dodecil sulfato de sódio,Doença renal,Proteinúria,Gel de proliacrilamida,Proteína de Bence Jones,Cloreto de benzetônio,Kidney disease,Urine protein,Sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis,Bence Jones protein,Benzethonium-chloride,Enfermedad renal,Proteinuria,Gel de poliacrilamida con dodecilsulfato de sodio,Cloruro de benzetonio

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