Absence of Entourage: Terpenoids Commonly Found in Cannabis sativa Do Not Modulate the Functional Activity of Δ ⁹-THC at Human CB ₁ and CB ₂ Receptors

Abstract

Introduction: Compounds present in Cannabis sativa such as phytocannabinoids and terpenoids may act in concert to elicit therapeutic effects. Cannabinoids such as Δ ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ ⁹-THC) directly activate cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB ₁) and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB ₂); however, it is not known if terpenoids present in Cannabis also affect cannabinoid receptor signaling. Therefore, we examined six common terpenoids alone, and in combination with cannabinoid receptor agonists, on CB ₁ and CB ₂ signaling in vitro.

Materials and Methods: Potassium channel activity in AtT20 FlpIn cells transfected with human CB ₁ or CB ₂ receptors was measured in real time using FLIPR ^® membrane potential dye in a FlexStation 3 plate reader. Terpenoids were tested individually and in combination for periods up to 30 min. Endogenous somatostatin receptors served as a control for direct effects of drugs on potassium channels.

Results: α-Pinene, β-pinene, β-caryophyllene, linalool, limonene, and β-myrcene (up to 30–100 μM) did not change membrane potential in AtT20 cells expressing CB ₁ or CB ₂, or affect the response to a maximally effective concentration of the synthetic cannabinoid CP55,940. The presence of individual or a combination of terpenoids did not affect the hyperpolarization produced by Δ ⁹-THC (10 μM): (CB ₁: control, 59%±7%; with terpenoids (10 μM each) 55%±4%; CB ₂: Δ ⁹-THC 16%±5%, with terpenoids (10 μM each) 17%±4%). To investigate possible effect on desensitization of CB ₁ responses, all six terpenoids were added together with Δ ⁹-THC and signaling measured continuously over 30 min. Terpenoids did not affect desensitization, after 30 min the control hyperpolarization recovered by 63%±6% in the presence of the terpenoids recovery was 61%±5%.

Discussion: None of the six of the most common terpenoids in Cannabis directly activated CB ₁ or CB ₂, or modulated the signaling of the phytocannabinoid agonist Δ ⁹-THC. These results suggest that if a phytocannabinoid–terpenoid entourage effect exists, it is not at the CB ₁ or CB ₂ receptor level. It remains possible that terpenoids activate CB ₁ and CB ₂ signaling pathways that do not involve potassium channels; however, it seems more likely that they may act at different molecular target(s) in the neuronal circuits important for the behavioral effect of Cannabis.