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      Distribution and abundance of hematophagous flies (Glossinidae, Stomoxys, and Tabanidae) in two national parks of Gabon Translated title: Distribution et abondance des mouches piqueuses (Glossinidae, Stomoxys et Tabanidae) dans deux parcs nationaux du Gabon

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          Abstract

          In order to minimize risks of pathogen transmission with the development of ecotourism in Gabon, a seasonal inventory has been performed in five contrasted biotopes in Ivindo (INP) and Moukalaba-Doudou (MDNP) National Parks. A total of 10,033 hematophagous flies were captured. The Glossinidae, with six different species identified, was the most abundant group and constitutes about 60% of the captured flies compared to the Stomoxys (6 species also identified) and Tabanidae with 28% and 12%, respectively. The Glossinidae showed a higher rate of capture in primary forest and in research camps. In INP, the Stomoxys showed a higher rate of capture in secondary forest and at village borders, whereas in MDNP the Stomoxys were captured more in the savannah area. Thus, each fly group seemed to reach maximum abundance in different habitats. The Glossinidae were more abundant in primary forest and near research camps while Stomoxys were more abundant in secondary forest and savannah. The Tabanidae did not show a clear habitat preference.

          Translated abstract

          Afin de minimiser les risques de transmission de pathogènes avec le développement de l’écotourisme au Gabon, un inventaire saisonnier a été mené dans cinq biotopes caractéristiques des parcs nationaux de l’Ivindo (PNI) et de Moukalaba-Doudou (PNMD). Au total, 10 033 mouches hématophages ont été capturées. Les Glossinidae, avec 6 espèces différentes identifiées, constituaient le groupe le plus abondant avec 60 % de mouches capturées, suivi des Stomoxys (6 espèces différentes identifiées) et des Tabanidae avec respectivement 28 % et 12 %. Les glossines ont été majoritairement capturées en forêt primaire et au niveau des camps de recherche. Au PNI, les stomoxes ont été majoritairement capturés en forêt secondaire et en périphérie des villages. Alors qu’au PNMD, ces stomoxes ont été majoritairement capturés au niveau des savanes. Ainsi, chaque groupe de mouches semble être inféodé à un type de milieu. Les glossines préfèrent la forêt primaire et camps de recherche, alors que les stomoxes préfèrent la forêt secondaire et la savane. Les tabanides ne dégagent aucune préférence particulière pour un type de milieu.

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          Ecological origins of novel human pathogens.

          A systematic literature survey suggests that there are 1399 species of human pathogen. Of these, 87 were first reported in humans in the years since 1980. The new species are disproportionately viruses, have a global distribution, and are mostly associated with animal reservoirs. Their emergence is often driven by ecological changes, especially with how human populations interact with animal reservoirs. Here, we review the process of pathogen emergence over both ecological and evolutionary time scales by reference to the "pathogen pyramid." We also consider the public health implications of the continuing emergence of new pathogens, focusing on the importance of international surveillance.
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            Temporal trends in the discovery of human viruses

            On average, more than two new species of human virus are reported every year. We constructed the cumulative species discovery curve for human viruses going back to 1901. We fitted a statistical model to these data; the shape of the curve strongly suggests that the process of virus discovery is far from complete. We generated a 95% credible interval for the pool of as yet undiscovered virus species of 38–562. We extrapolated the curve and generated an estimate of 10–40 new species to be discovered by 2020. Although we cannot predict the level of health threat that these new viruses will present, we conclude that novel virus species must be anticipated in public health planning. More systematic virus discovery programmes, covering both humans and potential animal reservoirs of human viruses, should be considered.
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              The development of a multipurpose trap (the Nzi) for tsetse and other biting flies.

              S Mihok (2002)
              New trap designs for tsetse (Glossinidae), stable flies (Muscidae: Stomoxyinae), and horse flies (Tabanidae) were tested in Kenya to develop a multipurpose trap for biting flies. Many configurations and colour/fabric combinations were compared to a simplified, blue-black triangular trap to identify features of design and materials that result in equitable catches. New designs were tested against conventional traps, with a focus on Glossina pallidipes Austen and G. longipennis Corti, Stomoxys niger Macquart, and Atylotus agrestis (Wiedemann). A simple design based on minimal blue and black rectangular panels, for attraction and contrast, with a trap body consisting of an innovative configuration of netting, proved best. This 'Nzi' trap (Swahili for fly) caught as many or significantly more tsetse and biting flies than any conventional trap. The Nzi trap represents a major improvement for Stomoxyinae, including the cosmopolitan species S. calcitrans (Linnaeus), with up to eight times the catch for key African Stomoxys spp. relative to the best trap for this group (the Vavoua). Catches of many genera of Tabanidae, including species almost never caught in traps (Philoliche Wiedemann), are excellent, and are similar to those of larger traps designed for this purpose (the Canopy). Improvements in capturing biting flies were achieved without compromising efficiency for the savannah tsetse species G. pallidipes. Catches of fusca tsetse (G. longipennis and G. brevipalpis Newstead) were higher or were the same as catches in good traps for these species (NG2G, Siamese). Altogether, the objective of developing a simple, economical trap with harmonized efficiency was achieved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2015
                17 July 2015
                : 22
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2015/01 )
                : 23
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6282-Biogéosciences 6 Boulevard Gabriel 21000 Dijon France
                [2 ] Institut de Recherche en Écologie Tropicale (IRET-CENAREST) BP 13354 Libreville Gabon
                [3 ] Centre de Recherche Médicale de Lambaréné, Albert Schweitzer BP 118 Lambaréné Gabon
                [4 ] UMR 5175 CEFE, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, Route de Mende 34199 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: bitomessono@ 123456yahoo.fr
                Article
                parasite150030 10.1051/parasite/2015023
                10.1051/parasite/2015023
                4506487
                26187781
                db5be577-5e50-4f97-986c-3fb0bd35ef5a
                © P.Y. Bitome Essono et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2015

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 18 March 2015
                : 29 June 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 60, Pages: 11
                Categories
                Research Article

                hematophagous flies,distribution,climatic seasons,national parks,gabon

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