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      A universal function for capacity of bidirectional pedestrian streams: Filling the gaps in the literature

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      PLoS ONE
      Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          In this work, we investigate properties of bidirectional pedestrian streams by studying different experimental datasets from multiple authors. Through the comparison of a scenario where lanes naturally form with two others where lane formation is either obstructed or facilitated, we show the relationship of different pedestrian quantities in regard to the flow ratio (or directional split). On this scope, two measures to account for the degree of congestion and self-organization are introduced. The analysis of the results reveals that the balanced case (where flow is almost equal in both directions) has very peculiar properties which depends on the existence or not of organized lanes and their stability. While the balanced case generally shows the highest level of congestion, this property can quickly change after lanes are formed and when they remain stable. An in-depth investigation revealed that capacity in bidirectional streams is characterized by a dual nature: conflicts with the counter flow and self-organization in lanes. Both aspects have been described using a mathematical model which allowed to define a function for capacity in relation with flow ratio and environmental/cognitive aspects. The expression for capacity proposed in our work agrees with several studies from the literature, eventually allowing to understand the differences among them. We believe our function for capacity enables a more universal treatment of bidirectional streams compared to previous definitions, since it allows to account for steady and non-steady state conditions which represent important mechanisms in their dynamics. The framework introduced here may also help measuring the influence of environmental/cognitive changes in relation with the capacity of bidirectional pedestrian streams.

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          Most cited references36

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          The Dynamics of Crowd Disasters: An Empirical Study

          Many observations in the dynamics of pedestrian crowds, including various self-organization phenomena, have been successfully described by simple many-particle models. For ethical reasons, however, there is a serious lack of experimental data regarding crowd panic. Therefore, we have analyzed video recordings of the crowd disaster in Mina/Makkah during the Hajj in 1426H on January 12, 2006. They reveal two subsequent, sudden transitions from laminar to stop-and-go and ``turbulent'' flows, which question many previous simulation models. While the transition from laminar to stop-and-go flows supports a recent model of bottleneck flows [D. Helbing et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 168001 (2006)], the subsequent transition to turbulent flow is not yet well understood. It is responsible for sudden eruptions of pressure release comparable to earthquakes, which cause sudden displacements and the falling and trampling of people. The insights of this study into the reasons for critical crowd conditions are important for the organization of safer mass events. In particularly, they allow one to understand where and when crowd accidents tend to occur. They have also led to organizational changes, which have ensured a safe Hajj in 1427H.
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            Jamming transition in pedestrian counter flow

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              Collecting pedestrian trajectories

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                2018
                19 December 2018
                : 13
                : 12
                : e0208496
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
                [2 ] Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
                [3 ] Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
                Beihang University, CHINA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0718-8707
                Article
                PONE-D-18-13801
                10.1371/journal.pone.0208496
                6300270
                30566499
                db9b6dbe-443e-4de5-8e34-7ac9e9db2380
                © 2018 Feliciani et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 8 May 2018
                : 19 November 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 17, Tables: 4, Pages: 31
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002241, Japan Science and Technology Agency;
                Award ID: JPMJMI17D4
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001691, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science;
                Award ID: 25287026
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Doctoral Student Special Incentives Program (SEUT RA)
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Foundation for Supporting International Students
                Award Recipient :
                This work was supported by JST-Mirai Program Grant Number JPMJMI17D4, JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 25287026, the Doctoral Student Special Incentives Program (SEUT RA) and the Foundation for Supporting International Students of the University of Tokyo.
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