Botulinum toxin: The Midas touch

There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

Abstract

Botulinum Toxin (BT) is a natural molecule produced during growth and autolysis of bacterium called Clostridium botulinum. Use of BT for cosmetic purposes has gained popularity over past two decades, and recently, other therapeutic uses of BT has been extensively studied. BT is considered as a minimally invasive agent that can be used in the treatment of various orofacial disorders and improving the quality of life in such patients. The objective of this article is to review the nature, mechanism of action of BT, and its application in various head and neck diseases.

Related collections

Most cited references 56

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: not found

Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management.

S Arnon, R. Schechter, T Inglesby … (2001)

The Working Group on Civilian Biodefense has developed consensus-based recommendations for measures to be taken by medical and public health professionals if botulinum toxin is used as a biological weapon against a civilian population. The working group included 23 representatives from academic, government, and private institutions with expertise in public health, emergency management, and clinical medicine. The primary authors (S.S.A. and R.S.) searched OLDMEDLINE and MEDLINE (1960-March 1999) and their professional collections for literature concerning use of botulinum toxin as a bioweapon. The literature was reviewed, and opinions were sought from the working group and other experts on diagnosis and management of botulism. Additional MEDLINE searches were conducted through April 2000 during the review and revisions of the consensus statement. The first draft of the working group's consensus statement was a synthesis of information obtained in the formal evidence-gathering process. The working group convened to review the first draft in May 1999. Working group members reviewed subsequent drafts and suggested additional revisions. The final statement incorporates all relevant evidence obtained in the literature search in conjunction with final consensus recommendations supported by all working group members. An aerosolized or foodborne botulinum toxin weapon would cause acute symmetric, descending flaccid paralysis with prominent bulbar palsies such as diplopia, dysarthria, dysphonia, and dysphagia that would typically present 12 to 72 hours after exposure. Effective response to a deliberate release of botulinum toxin will depend on timely clinical diagnosis, case reporting, and epidemiological investigation. Persons potentially exposed to botulinum toxin should be closely observed, and those with signs of botulism require prompt treatment with antitoxin and supportive care that may include assisted ventilation for weeks or months. Treatment with antitoxin should not be delayed for microbiological testing.

0 comments Cited 184 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: not found

The gingival smile line.

S Peck, L Peck, M Kataja (1992)

A comparative study was performed to examine the nature of the gingival smile line (GSL), a specific dentolabial configuration characterized by the exposure of maxillary anterior gingiva during a full smile. Five soft-tissue, three dental and three skeletal variables were selected, measured and reported for a GSL sample (n = 27) and a reference sample (n = 88), both consisting of North American white orthodontic patients with a median age of 14.4 years. The results indicated that the capacity to project a gingival smile was related to: anterior vertical maxillary excess and the muscular ability to raise the upper lip significantly higher than average when smiling. Other variables significantly associated with GSL were greater overjet, greater interlabial gap at rest, and greater overbite. Factors that did not appear associated with the GSL phenomenon were upper-lip length, incisor clinical crown height, mandibular plane angle, and palatal plane angle. Clinical aspects of GSL were discussed.

0 comments Cited 44 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: not found

Botulinum toxin A in patients with oromandibular dystonia: long-term follow-up.

J. Jankovic, Dennis Tan (1999)

To study the safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin A (BTX) in patients with oromandibular dystonia (OMD) and to compare the treatment results of the various subtypes of OMD. OMD is one of the most challenging forms of dystonia to treat. Pharmacologic therapies are generally not effective, and there are no surgical alternatives. Of 202 patients diagnosed clinically to have OMD in a movement disorders clinic over a period of 10 years, 162 patients satisfied the study inclusion criteria. The masseters and submentalis complex were the only two muscle groups injected with BTX in this group of patients. The mean age was 57.9+/-15.3 years and the mean follow-up period was 4.4+/-3.8 years. More than half the patients had jaw-closing (JC) dystonia. A total of 2,529 BTX treatments were administered into the masseter muscles, submentalis complex, or both during a total of 1,213 treatment visits. The mean doses of BTX (per side) were 54.2+/-15.2 U for the masseters and 28.6+/-16.7 U for the submentalis complex. The mean total duration of response was 16.4+/-7.1 weeks. The mean global effect of BTX was 3.1+/-1.0 (range, 0 to 4, where 4 equals the complete abolition of the dystonia), with the JC dystonia patients responding best. Fifty-one patients (31.5%) reported adverse effects with BTX in at least one visit. Complications such as dysphagia and dysarthria were reported in 135 (11.1%) of all treatment visits. BTX is a safe and effective long-term treatment for OMD. JC dystonia responds better than jaw-opening or mixed dystonias, and the treatment of the latter types of OMD are more likely associated with dysphagia and dysarthria. Jaw-opening dystonia can be treated successfully by injecting the submentalis complex.

0 comments Cited 30 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

All references

Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Nat Sci Biol Med

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Nat Sci Biol Med

Journal ID (publisher-id): JNSBM

Title: Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine

Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )

ISSN (Print): 0976-9668

ISSN (Electronic): 2229-7707

Publication date (Print): Jan-Jun 2014

Volume: 5

Issue: 1

Pages: 8-14

Affiliations

[1] Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Vydehi Institute of Dental Sciences, No. 82, EPIP Area, White Field, Bangalore, India

Author notes

Address for correspondence: Dr. P Shilpa, No. 50, 51, Sampada, 5 ^th Main, 1 ^st Cross, Laxmi Narayana Layout, Munnekolala, Marthahalli, Bangalore - 560 037, India. E-mail: shilpa.keshav@ 123456gmail.com

Article

Publisher ID: JNSBM-5-8

DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.127274

PMC ID: 3961958

PubMed ID: 24678189

SO-VID: db9e1de5-0d02-44ee-8215-3773cf1464fb

License:

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Botulinum toxin: The Midas touch

Read this article at

Abstract

Related collections

Tick microbiome

Most cited references 56

Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management.

The gingival smile line.

Botulinum toxin A in patients with oromandibular dystonia: long-term follow-up.

Author and article information

Journal

Affiliations

Author notes

Article

History

Categories

Comments

Comment on this article

Similar content 134

Cited by 5

Most referenced authors 428