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      Rapid Screening of 22 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Residues in Vegetable Oils by Gas Chromatography-Electrostatic Field Orbitrap High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

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          Abstract

          A method for simultaneous determination of 22 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) residues in vegetable oils by gas chromatography-electrostatic field orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (Orbitrap GC-MS) was established. The samples were vortexed with acetonitrile, centrifuged at 8,000 r/min for 5 min, and frozen at −70°C for 10 min. The extracts of upper layer were poured out, dried with nitrogen at 40°C, redissolved in dichloromethane, and measured by Orbitrap GC-MS. The matrix interference in vegetable oil could be effectively removed by determining the accurate mass number of target compounds under the full scan mode. Six typical vegetable oil samples (soybean oil, sesame oil, peanut oil, olive oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil) were used for method validation. The calibration curve displayed good linearity in the range of 1–100 ng/mL, with correlation coefficients > 0.9950. The limits of detection (LODs) were in the range of 0.10–0.60 μg/kg, and the limits of quantification (LOQs) were in the range of 0.35–2.00 μg/kg. The average spiked recoveries of 22 PAHs in 6 matrices at 5, 50 and 100 μg/kg levels were 76.4–115.4%, and the average relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 1.8–10.8%. The results showed that 22 PAHs were detected in 6 types of 90 edible vegetable oil samples in the Chinese market by this method. Meanwhile, the abundance of light PAHs (LPAHs) was higher than that of heavy PAHs (HPAHs), and its relative contribution of LPAHs to the total PAHs was higher. All levels of BaP conformed to the Chinese requirement of upper limit, 10 μg/kg. However, 13.3 and 11.1% of the samples exceeded the maximum limits of BaP and PAH4 set by EU, 2 and 10 μg/kg, respectively. The total concentrations of 22 PAHs (defined as PAH22) varies greatly among different oil species, and the average PAH22 contents were listed in descending order as follows: peanut oil > sesame oil > olive oil > rapeseed oil > soybean oil > sunflower seed oil. The established method effectively avoided interference from large amounts of lipids and pigments. Therefore, the method is simple, sensitive and suitable for rapid screening and confirmation of PAHs in vegetable oil.

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          Lung Cancer Risk after Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Review and Meta-Analysis

          Typical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures are established lung carcinogens, but the quantitative exposure–response relationship is less clear. To clarify this relationship we conducted a review and meta-analysis of published reports of occupational epidemiologic studies. Thirty-nine cohorts were included. The average estimated unit relative risk (URR) at 100 μg/m3 years benzo[a]pyrene was 1.20 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.11–1.29] and was not sensitive to particular studies or analytic methods. However, the URR varied by industry. The estimated means in coke ovens, gasworks, and aluminum production works were similar (1.15–1.17). Average URRs in other industries were higher but imprecisely estimated, with those for asphalt (17.5; CI, 4.21–72.78) and chimney sweeps (16.2; CI, 1.64–160.7) significantly higher than the three above. There was no statistically significant variation of URRs within industry or in relation to study design (including whether adjusted for smoking), or source of exposure information. Limited information on total dust exposure did not suggest that dust exposure was an important confounder or modified the effect. These results provide a more secure basis for risk assessment than was previously available.
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            Bioremediation of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review of the microbial degradation of benzo[a]pyrene

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              Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked fish – a critical review

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Nutr
                Front Nutr
                Front. Nutr.
                Frontiers in Nutrition
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                2296-861X
                30 June 2022
                2022
                : 9
                : 949025
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Hebei Food Safety Key Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Hebei Engineering Research Center for Special Food Safety and Health, Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute , Shijiazhuang, China
                [2] 2Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Jie Zheng, Jinan University, China

                Reviewed by: Feng Chen, Clemson University, United States; Jin Cao, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China

                *Correspondence: Guohua Shi shiguohua@ 123456nepp.com.cn

                This article was submitted to Food Chemistry, a section of the journal Frontiers in Nutrition

                †These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship

                Article
                10.3389/fnut.2022.949025
                9320171
                dbe84e16-ee0f-4c8a-ad8b-37e926dcde52
                Copyright © 2022 Meng, Fan, Yuan, Li, Huang, Niu, Shi and Zhang.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 20 May 2022
                : 10 June 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 32, Pages: 12, Words: 8111
                Funding
                Funded by: Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, doi 10.13039/501100002855;
                Categories
                Nutrition
                Original Research

                gas chromatography-electrostatic field orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (orbitrap gc-ms),polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,vegetable oils,frozen in addition to fat,real sample determination

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