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      • Record: found
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      Celebrating 125 years of the synapse: from Sherrington to the present day

      editorial
      Author(s):
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Neuronal Signaling
      Publisher: Portland Press Ltd.
      Keywords: Behaviour, neural circuits, New technologies, Sherrington, Synapse

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          Abstract

          This themed collection celebrates 125 years of the synapse through a series of reviews written by a team of international experts in the field. The first in the series explains Sherrington’s contribution to the debate about the term ‘synapse’ and its function in neuronal signaling. The topics that follow cover recent developments in a wide range of topics: new technologies for research of synaptic structure; proteomics and the regulation of synaptic integrity and function; their role in the processing of information in thalamic neuronal circuits; and how genetic mutations can modify synaptic function in ways that can have profound effects on mood, cognition and behaviour.

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          Keeping synapses in shape: degradation pathways in the healthy and aging brain

          Marijn Kuijpers (2022)
          Synapses maintain their molecular composition, plasticity and function through the concerted action of protein synthesis and removal. The complex and polarized neuronal architecture poses specific challenges to the logistics of protein and organelle turnover since protein synthesis and degradation mainly happen in the cell soma. In addition, post-mitotic neurons accumulate damage over a lifetime, challenging neuronal degradative pathways and making them particularly susceptible to the effects of aging. This review will summarize the current knowledge on neuronal protein turnover mechanisms with a particular focus on the presynapse, including the proteasome, autophagy and the endolysosomal route and their roles in regulating presynaptic proteostasis and function. In addition, the author will discuss how physiological brain aging, which entails a progressive decline in cognitive functions, affects synapses and the degradative machinery.
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            Neuroligins in neurodevelopmental conditions: how mouse models of de novo mutations can help us link synaptic function to social behavior

            Tobias T. Pohl, Hanna Hörnberg (2022)
            Neurodevelopmental conditions (or neurodevelopmental disorders, NDDs) are highly heterogeneous with overlapping characteristics and shared genetic etiology. The large symptom variability and etiological heterogeneity have made it challenging to understand the biological mechanisms underpinning NDDs. To accommodate this individual variability, one approach is to move away from diagnostic criteria and focus on distinct dimensions with relevance to multiple NDDs. This domain approach is well suited to preclinical research, where genetically modified animal models can be used to link genetic variability to neurobiological mechanisms and behavioral traits. Genetic factors associated with NDDs can be grouped functionally into common biological pathways, with one prominent functional group being genes associated with the synapse. These include the neuroligins (Nlgns), a family of postsynaptic transmembrane proteins that are key modulators of synaptic function. Here, we review how research using Nlgn mouse models has provided insight into how synaptic proteins contribute to behavioral traits associated with NDDs. We focus on how mutations in different Nlgns affect social behaviors, as differences in social interaction and communication are a common feature of most NDDs. Importantly, mice carrying distinct mutations in Nlgns share some neurobiological and behavioral phenotypes with other synaptic gene mutations. Comparing the functional implications of mutations in multiple synaptic proteins is a first step towards identifying convergent neurobiological pathways in multiple brain regions and circuits.
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              Array tomography: 15 years of synaptic analysis

              Anna Sanchez Avila, Christopher M. Henstridge (2022)
              Synapses are minuscule, intricate structures crucial for the correct communication between neurons. In the 125 years since the term synapse was first coined, we have advanced a long way when it comes to our understanding of how they work and what they do. Most of the fundamental discoveries have been invariably linked to advances in technology. However, due to their size, delicate structural integrity and their sheer number, our knowledge of synaptic biology has remained somewhat elusive and their role in neurodegenerative diseases still remains largely unknown. Here, we briefly discuss some of the imaging technologies used to study synapses and focus on the utility of the high-resolution imaging technique array tomography (AT). We introduce the AT technique and highlight some of the ways it is utilised with a particular focus on its power for analysing synaptic composition and pathology in human post-mortem tissue. We also discuss some of the benefits and drawbacks of techniques for imaging synapses and highlight some recent advances in the study of form and function by combining physiology and high-resolution synaptic imaging.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                S Clare Stanford:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5623-1751
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing—original draftRole: Writing—review & editing
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Neuronal Signal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Neuronal Signal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ns
                Title: Neuronal Signaling
                Publisher: Portland Press Ltd.
                ISSN (Electronic): 2059-6553
                Publication date Collection: December 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 December 2022
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: NS20220015
                Affiliations
                Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology University College London, London, U.K.
                Author notes
                Correspondence: S Clare Stanford ( c.stanford@ 123456ucl.ac.uk )
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5623-1751
                Article
                Publisher ID: NS20220015
                DOI: 10.1042/NS20220015
                PMC ID: 9780057
                PubMed ID: 36618960
                SO-VID: dbee75ba-1f6e-419b-a4a4-32f8de73a052
                Copyright © © 2022 The Author(s).
                License:

                This is an open access article published by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY). Open access for this article was enabled by the participation of University College London in an all-inclusive Read & Publish agreement with Portland Press and the Biochemical Society under a transformative agreement with JISC.

                History
                Date received : 06 December 2022
                Date revision received : 12 December 2022
                Date accepted : 12 December 2022
                Date: 13 December 2022
                Page count
                Pages: 3
                Categories
                Subject: Neuroscience
                Subject: Systems Biology & Networks
                Subject: Genomics
                Subject: Signaling
                Subject: Translational Science
                Subject: Editorial

                Keywords: behaviour,neural circuits,new technologies,sherrington,synapse
                Data availability:
                Keywords: behaviour, neural circuits, new technologies, sherrington, synapse

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