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      Mechanisms and consequences of carbamoylation

      Author(s): , , , ,
      Publication date Created:
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      Journal: Nature Reviews Nephrology
      Publisher: Springer Nature

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          Clinical epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease.

          RN Foley, PS Parfrey, MJ Sarnak (1998)
          Article 0 comments Cited 640 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

            Bengt C Fellström, Alan Jardine, Roland E Schmieder … (2009)
            Statins reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events in patients at high cardiovascular risk. However, a benefit of statins in such patients who are undergoing hemodialysis has not been proved. We conducted an international, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, prospective trial involving 2776 patients, 50 to 80 years of age, who were undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. We randomly assigned patients to receive rosuvastatin, 10 mg daily, or placebo. The combined primary end point was death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. Secondary end points included death from all causes and individual cardiac and vascular events. After 3 months, the mean reduction in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels was 43% in patients receiving rosuvastatin, from a mean baseline level of 100 mg per deciliter (2.6 mmol per liter). During a median follow-up period of 3.8 years, 396 patients in the rosuvastatin group and 408 patients in the placebo group reached the primary end point (9.2 and 9.5 events per 100 patient-years, respectively; hazard ratio for the combined end point in the rosuvastatin group vs. the placebo group, 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84 to 1.11; P=0.59). Rosuvastatin had no effect on individual components of the primary end point. There was also no significant effect on all-cause mortality (13.5 vs. 14.0 events per 100 patient-years; hazard ratio, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.86 to 1.07; P=0.51). In patients undergoing hemodialysis, the initiation of treatment with rosuvastatin lowered the LDL cholesterol level but had no significant effect on the composite primary end point of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00240331.) 2009 Massachusetts Medical Society
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              Living with water stress: evolution of osmolyte systems.

              R D Bowlus, Erin Hand, John Clark … (1982)
              Striking convergent evolution is found in the properties of the organic osmotic solute (osmolyte) systems observed in bacteria, plants, and animals. Polyhydric alcohols, free amino acids and their derivatives, and combinations of urea and methylamines are the three types of osmolyte systems found in all water-stressed organisms except the halobacteria. The selective advantages of the organic osmolyte systems are, first, a compatibility with macromolecular structure and function at high or variable (or both) osmolyte concentrations, and, second, greatly reduced needs for modifying proteins to function in concentrated intracellular solutions. Osmolyte compatibility is proposed to result from the absence of osmolyte interactions with substrates and cofactors, and the nonperturbing or favorable effects of osmolytes on macromolecular-solvent interactions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Nature Reviews Nephrology
                Abbreviated Title: Nat Rev Nephrol
                Publisher: Springer Nature
                ISSN (Print): 1759-5061
                ISSN (Electronic): 1759-507X
                Publication date Created: July 31 2017
                Publication date (Print): July 31 2017
                Volume:
                Issue:
                Article
                DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2017.103
                PubMed ID: 28757635
                SO-VID: dbfcd4b3-ecbe-4fed-b7f0-192db9414d4f
                Copyright © © 2017
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