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      Oral health-related quality of life in patients with upper gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders in Pakistan: validation of the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 in the Urdu language

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          The Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) has been used extensively to measure the impact of oral disease on oral health-related quality of life (HRQoL) but has not been validated in the Urdu language or tested in gastroenterology.

          Aims

          To validate the OHIP-14 for use in Pakistan and its ability to assess oral health in patients with upper gastrointestinal (GI) and hepatic disorders.

          Design

          Multicentre, cross-sectional.

          Setting

          Four major tertiary care hospitals.

          Methods

          The OHIP-14 was tested for reliability and validity in 700 patients referred for oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopic (OGD) investigation of the symptoms of upper GI or hepatic disease. Socio-demographic details and oral examination findings (for oral lesions and DMFT) were recorded.

          Results

          The mean (±standard deviation) total OHIP-14 score (range 0–56) was estimated to be 23.38 ± 10.47, indicating a significant impact of upper gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders on oral health. The reliability coefficient of the OHIP-14 was above 0.7 threshold, and the tool had good internal consistency ( α = 0.83). When associated with worsening DMFT (decayed, missed, and filled teeth) index value, the highest correlations ( p < 0.01) were detected with functional limitation (rs = 0.234), physical disability (rs = 0.230), and psychological discomfort (rs = 0.221).

          Conclusion

          The OHIP-14 is a precise and valid instrument for assessing oral-HRQoL in a gastroenterological setting amongst Pakistani population.

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          Most cited references41

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          Development and evaluation of the Oral Health Impact Profile.

          G D Slade, A J Spencer (1994)
          The capacity of dental clinicians and researchers to assess oral health and to advocate for dental care has been hampered by limitations in measurements of the levels of dysfunction, discomfort and disability associated with oral disorders. The purpose of this research was to develop and test the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP), a scaled index of the social impact of oral disorders which draws on a theoretical hierarchy of oral health outcomes. Forty nine unique statements describing the consequences of oral disorders were initially derived from 535 statements obtained in interviews with 64 dental patients. The relative importance of statements within each of seven conceptual subscales was assessed by 328 persons using Thurstone's method of paired comparisons. The consistency of their judgements was confirmed (Kendall's mu, P < 0.05). The reliability of the instrument was evaluated in a cohort of 122 persons aged 60 years and over. Internal reliability of six subscales was high (Cronbach's alpha, 0.70-0.83) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.42-0.77) demonstrated stability. Validity was examined using longitudinal data from the 60 years and over cohort where the OHIP's capacity to detect previously observed associations with perceived need for a dental visit (ANOVA, p < 0.05 in five subscales) provided evidence of its construct validity. The Oral Health Impact Profile offers a reliable and valid instrument for detailed measurement of the social impact of oral disorders and has potential benefits for clinical decision-making and research.
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            Oral health-related quality of life: what, why, how, and future implications.

            L Sischo, H L Broder (2011)
            Despite its relatively recent emergence over the past few decades, oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) has important implications for the clinical practice of dentistry and dental research. OHRQoL is a multidimensional construct that includes a subjective evaluation of the individual's oral health, functional well-being, emotional well-being, expectations and satisfaction with care, and sense of self. It has wide-reaching applications in survey and clinical research. OHRQoL is an integral part of general health and well-being. In fact, it is recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as an important segment of the Global Oral Health Program (2003). This paper identifies the what, why, and how of OHRQoL and presents an oral health theoretical model. The relevance of OHRQoL for dental practitioners and patients in community-based dental practices is presented. Implications for health policy and related oral health disparities are also discussed. A supplemental Appendix contains a Medline and ProQuest literature search regarding OHRQoL research from 1990-2010 by discipline and research design (e.g., descriptive, longitudinal, clinical trial, etc.). The search identified 300 articles with a notable surge in OHRQoL research in pediatrics and orthodontics in recent years.
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              Psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Oral Health Impact Profile-short form.

              Branca Oliveira, P Nadanovsky (2005)
              The aim of the study is to evaluate the measurement properties of the Brazilian version of the short form of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP14). Data were obtained from a cross-sectional study designed to assess the impact of toothache on quality of life during pregnancy. The sample consisted of 504 postpartum women (mean age 24 years; SD 6.2), most of whom had unsolved dental problems and belonged to low-income families. The questionnaire was administered in the form of interviews by two trained interviewers who also performed clinical examinations. Reliability was assessed in terms of internal consistency and stability. Construct validity was evaluated based on comparison of the total scores among groups according to: self-perceived and normative oral health care needs, self-perceived general and oral health status, presence of carious lesions and tooth loss. It was also hypothesized that the scores of OHIP14 and Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (OIDP) would correlate with each other. Both test-retest stability and internal consistency, as measured by the intra-class correlation coefficient (0.87) and by Cronbach's alpha (0.91), proved to be adequate. Construct validity was confirmed as the correlation between OHIP14 scores with self-perceived general and oral health were in the expected direction, and the differences in scores of the groups formed according to the selected attributes were significant at values of P < or = 0.05 (Mann-Whitney test). Moreover, the correlation coefficient between OIDP and OHIP14 was 0.76 (rs). The Brazilian version of OHIP14 has good psychometric properties, which are similar to those of the original instrument.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Ibrahim Warsi: ibrahim.warsi@yahoo.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BDJ Open
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BDJ Open
                Title: BDJ Open
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2056-807X
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 April 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 27 April 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: 17036
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9363 9292, GRID grid.412080.f, Dr. Ishrat-ul-Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, , Dow University of Health Sciences, ; Karachi, Pakistan
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9363 9292, GRID grid.412080.f, Department of Community Dentistry, Dr. Ishrat-ul-Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, , Dow University of Health Sciences, ; Karachi, Pakistan
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9363 9292, GRID grid.412080.f, Department of Research, , Dow University of Health Sciences, ; Karachi, Pakistan
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0571 5371, GRID grid.413093.c, Ziauddin College of Dentistry, , Ziauddin University Hospital, ; Karachi, Pakistan
                [5 ]Department of Operative Dentistry, Rehmat Memorial Dental Hospital, Abbottabad, Pakistan
                Article
                Publisher ID: 2
                DOI: 10.1038/s41405-018-0002-8
                PMC ID: 5944343
                PubMed ID: 30057791
                SO-VID: dc08bb1f-ac0c-4983-8f48-4419c6a7a9c1
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2018
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 14 November 2017
                Date revision received : 1 February 2018
                Date accepted : 5 February 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Article
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                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2018

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