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      The Bolivian Universal Health System and effective access to healthcare: a diagnosis Translated title: El Sistema Universal de Salud Boliviano y el acceso efectivo a la atención sanitaria: un diagnóstico

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          Abstract

          Abstract In 2019, the Bolivian government implemented the Universal Health Insurance (SUS) scheme. However, to date there is no research assessing the effects of the reform. This study fills the research gap by examining how access to public healthcare services evolved after the implementation of the SUS. The study has been conducted according to a combined method that analyses quantitative data, and data collected through semi-structured interviews. The results showed that access to public healthcare services has increased in the first year of the SUS's implementation compared to previous years. However, human resources are insufficient, spending at the macroeconomic level did not reach recommended levels for universal coverage, and long waiting times, and shortages in medicines and beds, persist. The study has concluded that even though access has increased, insufficiency of resources and the structural characteristics of the Bolivian healthcare system, pose consistent limitations for the universal outreach of the SUS.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen A partir de 2019, el gobierno boliviano implemento el Seguro Universal de Salud (SUS). Al no existir investigaciones que evalúen los efectos de la reforma, este estudio examina cómo ha evolucionado el acceso a los servicios públicos de salud después del SUS. El estudio se ha realizado según un método combinado que analiza datos cuantitativos y datos recogidos mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas en La Paz. Los resultados muestran que el acceso a los servicios sanitarios públicos ha aumentado en el primer año de implementación del SUS, en comparación con los años anteriores. Sin embargo, los recursos humanos y el gasto a nivel macroeconómico son insuficientes, persisten los largos tiempos de espera y la escasez de medicamentos y camas. El estudio ha concluido que, a pesar de que el acceso ha aumentado, la insuficiencia de recursos y las características estructurales del sistema sanitario boliviano plantean limitaciones persistentes para el alcance universal del SUS. Classification/Clasificación JEL: I18, J18, D63.

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          Purposeful Sampling for Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis in Mixed Method Implementation Research.

          Purposeful sampling is widely used in qualitative research for the identification and selection of information-rich cases related to the phenomenon of interest. Although there are several different purposeful sampling strategies, criterion sampling appears to be used most commonly in implementation research. However, combining sampling strategies may be more appropriate to the aims of implementation research and more consistent with recent developments in quantitative methods. This paper reviews the principles and practice of purposeful sampling in implementation research, summarizes types and categories of purposeful sampling strategies and provides a set of recommendations for use of single strategy or multistage strategy designs, particularly for state implementation research.
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            Patient-centred access to health care: conceptualising access at the interface of health systems and populations

            Background Access is central to the performance of health care systems around the world. However, access to health care remains a complex notion as exemplified in the variety of interpretations of the concept across authors. The aim of this paper is to suggest a conceptualisation of access to health care describing broad dimensions and determinants that integrate demand and supply-side-factors and enabling the operationalisation of access to health care all along the process of obtaining care and benefiting from the services. Methods A synthesis of the published literature on the conceptualisation of access has been performed. The most cited frameworks served as a basis to develop a revised conceptual framework. Results Here, we view access as the opportunity to identify healthcare needs, to seek healthcare services, to reach, to obtain or use health care services, and to actually have a need for services fulfilled. We conceptualise five dimensions of accessibility: 1) Approachability; 2) Acceptability; 3) Availability and accommodation; 4) Affordability; 5) Appropriateness. In this framework, five corresponding abilities of populations interact with the dimensions of accessibility to generate access. Five corollary dimensions of abilities include: 1) Ability to perceive; 2) Ability to seek; 3) Ability to reach; 4) Ability to pay; and 5) Ability to engage. Conclusions This paper explains the comprehensiveness and dynamic nature of this conceptualisation of access to care and identifies relevant determinants that can have an impact on access from a multilevel perspective where factors related to health systems, institutions, organisations and providers are considered with factors at the individual, household, community, and population levels.
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              Health service coverage and its evaluation.

              Health service coverage is considered as a concept expressing the extent of interaction between the service and the people for whom it is intended, this interaction not being limited to a particular aspect of service provision but ranging over the whole process from resource allocation to achievement of the desired objective. For the measurement of coverage, several key stages are first identified, each of them involving the realization of an important condition for providing the service; a coverage measure is then defined for each stage, namely the ratio between the number of people for whom the condition is met and the target population, so that a set of these measures represents the interaction between the service and the target population. This definition of coverage allows for variations, which are called "specific coverage", by limiting the target population to specific subgroups differentiated by certain conditions related to service provision or by demographic or socioeconomic factors.The evaluation of coverage on the basis of these concepts enables management to identify bottlenecks in the operation of the service, to analyse the constraining factors responsible for such bottlenecks, and to select effective measures for service development.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rlde
                Revista Latinoamericana de Desarrollo Económico
                rlde
                Universidad Católica Boliviana "San Pablo" (La Paz, , Bolivia )
                2074-4706
                2309-9038
                2023
                : 39
                : 35-76
                Affiliations
                Article
                S2074-47062023000100035 S2074-4706(23)00003900035
                10.35319/lajed.202239278
                dc354e23-3652-4963-bc2f-5cafea852d32

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 15 February 2023
                : 31 March 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 81, Pages: 42
                Product

                SciELO Bolivia

                Categories
                ARTICLE

                cobertura,insurance,coverage,effective access,Universal healthcare,seguro,acceso efectivo,Sistema de salud universal

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