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      Journal of Pain Research (submit here)

      This international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal by Dove Medical Press focuses on reporting of high-quality laboratory and clinical findings in all fields of pain research and the prevention and management of pain. Sign up for email alerts here.

      52,235 Monthly downloads/views I 2.832 Impact Factor I 4.5 CiteScore I 1.2 Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) I 0.655 Scimago Journal & Country Rank (SJR)

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      The link between idiopathic intracranial hypertension, fibromyalgia, and chronic fatigue syndrome: exploration of a shared pathophysiology

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IICH) is a condition characterized by raised intracranial pressure (ICP), and its diagnosis is established when the opening pressure measured during a lumbar puncture is elevated >20 cm H 2O in nonobese patients or >25 cm H 2O in obese patients. Papilledema is caused by forced filling of the optic nerve sheath with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Other common but underappreciated symptoms of IICH are neck pain, back pain, and radicular pain in the arms and legs resulting from associated increased spinal pressure and forced filling of the spinal nerves with CSF. Widespread pain and also several other characteristics of IICH share notable similarities with characteristics of fibromyalgia (FM) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), two overlapping chronic pain conditions. The aim of this review was to compare literature data regarding the characteristics of IICH, FM, and CFS and to link the shared data to an apparent underlying physiopathology, that is, increased ICP.

          Methods

          Data in the literature regarding these three conditions were compared and linked to the hypothesis of the shared underlying physiopathology of increased cerebrospinal pressure.

          Results

          The shared characteristics of IICH, FM, and CFS that can be caused by increased ICP include headaches, fatigue, cognitive impairment, loss of gray matter, involvement of cranial nerves, and overload of the lymphatic olfactory pathway. Increased pressure in the spinal canal and in peripheral nerve root sheaths causes widespread pain, weakness in the arms and legs, walking difficulties (ataxia), and bladder, bowel, and sphincter symptoms. Additionally, IICH, FM, and CFS are frequently associated with sympathetic overactivity symptoms and obesity. These conditions share a strong female predominance and are frequently associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

          Conclusion

          IICH, FM, and CFS share a large variety of symptoms that might all be explained by the same pathophysiology of increased cerebrospinal pressure.

          Most cited references100

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          Accelerated brain gray matter loss in fibromyalgia patients: premature aging of the brain?

          Anil Kuchinad, Petra Schweinhardt, David Seminowicz … (2007)
          Fibromyalgia is an intractable widespread pain disorder that is most frequently diagnosed in women. It has traditionally been classified as either a musculoskeletal disease or a psychological disorder. Accumulating evidence now suggests that fibromyalgia may be associated with CNS dysfunction. In this study, we investigate anatomical changes in the brain associated with fibromyalgia. Using voxel-based morphometric analysis of magnetic resonance brain images, we examined the brains of 10 female fibromyalgia patients and 10 healthy controls. We found that fibromyalgia patients had significantly less total gray matter volume and showed a 3.3 times greater age-associated decrease in gray matter than healthy controls. The longer the individuals had had fibromyalgia, the greater the gray matter loss, with each year of fibromyalgia being equivalent to 9.5 times the loss in normal aging. In addition, fibromyalgia patients demonstrated significantly less gray matter density than healthy controls in several brain regions, including the cingulate, insular and medial frontal cortices, and parahippocampal gyri. The neuroanatomical changes that we see in fibromyalgia patients contribute additional evidence of CNS involvement in fibromyalgia. In particular, fibromyalgia appears to be associated with an acceleration of age-related changes in the very substance of the brain. Moreover, the regions in which we demonstrate objective changes may be functionally linked to core features of the disorder including affective disturbances and chronic widespread pain.
          Article 0 comments Cited 146 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The idiopathic intracranial hypertension treatment trial: clinical profile at baseline.

            Michael Wall, Mark Kupersmith, Karl Kieburtz … (2014)
            To our knowledge, there are no large prospective cohorts of untreated patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) to characterize the disease.
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              Objective evidence that small-fiber polyneuropathy underlies some illnesses currently labeled as fibromyalgia.

              Anne Louise Oaklander, Zeva Herzog, Heather M Downs … (2013)
              Fibromyalgia is a common, disabling syndrome that includes chronic widespread pain plus diverse additional symptoms. No specific objective abnormalities have been identified, which precludes definitive testing, disease-modifying treatments, and identification of causes. In contrast, small-fiber polyneuropathy (SFPN), despite causing similar symptoms, is definitionally a disease caused by the dysfunction and degeneration of peripheral small-fiber neurons. SFPN has established causes, some diagnosable and definitively treatable, eg, diabetes. To evaluate the hypothesis that some patients labeled as having fibromyalgia have unrecognized SFPN that is causing their illness symptoms, we analyzed SFPN-associated symptoms, neurological examinations, and pathological and physiological markers in 27 patients with fibromyalgia and in 30 matched normal controls. Patients with fibromyalgia had to satisfy the 2010 American College of Rheumatology criteria plus present evidence of a physician's actual diagnosis of fibromyalgia. The study's instruments comprised the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI), the Utah Early Neuropathy Scale (UENS), distal-leg neurodiagnostic skin biopsies, plus autonomic-function testing (AFT). We found that 41% of skin biopsies from subjects with fibromyalgia vs 3% of biopsies from control subjects were diagnostic for SFPN, and MNSI and UENS scores were higher in patients with fibromyalgia than in control subjects (all P ≤ 0.001). Abnormal AFTs were equally prevalent, suggesting that fibromyalgia-associated SFPN is primarily somatic. Blood tests from subjects with fibromyalgia and SFPN-diagnostic skin biopsies provided insights into causes. All glucose tolerance tests were normal, but 8 subjects had dysimmune markers, 2 had hepatitis C serologies, and 1 family had apparent genetic causality. These findings suggest that some patients with chronic pain labeled as fibromyalgia have unrecognized SFPN, a distinct disease that can be tested for objectively and sometimes treated definitively. Copyright © 2013 International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Pain Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Pain Res
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Journal of Pain Research
                Title: Journal of Pain Research
                Publisher: Dove Medical Press
                ISSN (Electronic): 1178-7090
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 December 2018
                Volume: 11
                Pages: 3129-3140
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Unit, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, miekehulens@ 123456skynet.be
                [2 ]Department of Neurosurgery, Sint-Jozefziekenhuis, Bornem, Belgium
                [3 ]Department of Social and Primary Health Care, Public Health Nutrition, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
                [4 ]Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology Research Group, University of Leuven KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
                [5 ]Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
                [6 ]Clinical Electromyography Laboratory, Department of Academic Consultants, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospitals UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Mieke Hulens, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Unit, University of Leuven, Overwegstraat 14, 3051 Sint-Joris-Weert, Leuven, Belgium, Tel +32 478 338003, Fax +32 16 470559, Email miekehulens@ 123456skynet.be
                Article
                Publisher ID: jpr-11-3129
                DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S186878
                PMC ID: 6292399
                PubMed ID: 30573989
                SO-VID: dc6067ec-e437-4b85-b21d-1de2ba15c0dd
                Copyright © © 2018 Hulens et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited
                License:

                The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

                History
                Categories
                Subject: Hypothesis

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Anesthesiology & Pain management
                Keywords: chronic pain,fatigue,headache,ehlers-danlos,sympathetic activity,lymphatic olfactory pathway,small fiber neuropathy,ménière’s disease,tarlov cysts
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Anesthesiology & Pain management
                Keywords: chronic pain, fatigue, headache, ehlers-danlos, sympathetic activity, lymphatic olfactory pathway, small fiber neuropathy, ménière’s disease, tarlov cysts

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