Oxidative stress as a risk factor for osteoporosis in elderly Mexicans as characterized by antioxidant enzymes

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Abstract

Background

Oxidative stress (OxS) has recently been linked with osteoporosis; however, we do not know the influence of OxS as an independent risk factor for this disease.

Methods

We conducted a case-control study in 94 subjects ≥60 years of age, 50 healthy and 44 with osteoporosis. We measured total antioxidant status, plasma lipid peroxides, antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and calculated the SOD/GPx ratio. Bone mineral density was obtained at the peripheral DXA in calcaneus using a portable Norland Apollo Densitometer ^®. Osteoporosis was considered when subjects had a BMD of 2.5 standard deviations or more below the mean value for young adults.

Results

GPx antioxidant activity was significantly lower in the group of subjects with osteoporosis in comparison with the group of healthy subjects ( p < 0.01); in addition, the SOD/GPx ratio was significantly higher in the group of individuals with osteoporosis ( p < 0.05). In logistic regression analysis, we found OxS to be an independent risk factor for osteoporosis (odds ratio [OR] = 2.79; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.08–7.23; p = 0.034).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that OxS is an independent risk factor for osteoporosis linked to increase of SOD/GPx ratio.

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Most cited references 44

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Epidemiology, etiology, and diagnosis of osteoporosis.

Nancy Lane (2006)

Osteoporosis, a major public health problem, is becoming increasingly prevalent with the aging of the world population. Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength, which predisposes the individual to an increased risk of fractures of the hip, spine, and other skeletal sites. The clinical consequences and economic burden of this disease call for measures to assess individuals who are at high risk to allow for appropriate intervention. Many risk factors are associated with osteoporotic fracture, including low peak bone mass, hormonal factors, the use of certain drugs (eg, glucocorticoids), cigarette smoking, low physical activity, low intake of calcium and vitamin D, race, small body size, and a personal or a family history of fracture. All of these factors should be taken into account when assessing the risk of fracture and determining whether further treatment is required. Because osteoporotic fracture risk is higher in older women than in older men, all postmenopausal women should be evaluated for signs of osteoporosis during routine physical examinations. Radiologic laboratory assessments of bone mineral density generally should be reserved for patients at highest risk, including all women over the age of 65, younger postmenopausal women with risk factors, and all postmenopausal women with a history of fractures. The evaluation of biochemical markers of bone turnover has been useful in clinical research. However, the predictive factor of these measurements is not defined clearly, and these findings should not be used as a replacement for bone density testing. Together, clinical assessment of osteoporotic risk factors and objective measures of bone mineral density can help to identify patients who will benefit from intervention and, thus, can potentially reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with osteoporosis-associated fractures in this population.

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The evolution of free radicals and oxidative stress.

Joe M. McCord (2000)

The superoxide free radical has come to occupy an amazingly central role in a wide variety of diseases. Our metabolic focus on aerobic energy metabolism in all cell types, coupled with some chemical peculiarities of the oxygen molecule itself, contribute to the phenomenon. Superoxide is not, as we once thought, just a toxic but unavoidable byproduct of oxygen metabolism. Rather it appears to be a carefully regulated metabolite capable of signaling and communicating important information to the cell's genetic machinery. Redox regulation of gene expression by superoxide and other related oxidants and antioxidants is beginning to unfold as a vital mechanism in health and disease.

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Oxidative stress modulates osteoblastic differentiation of vascular and bone cells.

N. Mody, F Parhami, T A Sarafian … (2001)

Oxidative stress may regulate cellular function in multiple pathological conditions, including atherosclerosis. One feature of the atherosclerotic plaque is calcium mineral deposition, which appears to result from the differentiation of vascular osteoblastic cells, calcifying vascular cells (CVC). To determine the role of oxidative stress in regulating the activity of CVC, we treated these cells with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) or xanthine/xanthine oxidase (XXO) and assessed their effects on intracellular oxidative stress, differentiation, and mineralization. These agents increased intracellular oxidative stress as determined by 2,7 dichlorofluorescein fluorescence, and enhanced osteoblastic differentiation of vascular cells, based on alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization. In contrast, H(2)O(2) and XXO resulted in inhibition of differentiation markers in bone osteoblastic cells, MC3T3-E1, and marrow stromal cells, M2-10B4, while increasing oxidative stress. In addition, minimally oxidized low-density lipoprotein (MM-LDL), previously shown to enhance vascular cell and inhibit bone cell differentiation, also increased intracellular oxidative stress in the three cell types. These effects of XXO and MM-LDL were counteracted by the antioxidants Trolox and pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate. These results suggest that oxidative stress modulates differentiation of vascular and bone cells oppositely, which may explain the parallel buildup and loss of calcification, seen in vascular calcification and osteoporosis, respectively.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Musculoskelet Disord

Title: BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders

Publisher: BioMed Central

ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2474

Publication date Collection: 2007

Publication date (Electronic): 19 December 2007

Volume: 8

Page: 124

Affiliations

[1 ]Unidad de Investigación en Gerontología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México D.F., México

[2 ]Batalla 5 de mayo s/n, esq. Fuerte de Loreto, Col. Ejército de Oriente, 09230 México, DF., México

Article

Publisher ID: 1471-2474-8-124

DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-8-124

PMC ID: 2225394

PubMed ID: 18088440

SO-VID: dc60ae2e-f2f2-4952-b399-0f8d2bcf87aa

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Oxidative stress as a risk factor for osteoporosis in elderly Mexicans as characterized by antioxidant enzymes

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Most cited references 44

Epidemiology, etiology, and diagnosis of osteoporosis.

The evolution of free radicals and oxidative stress.

Oxidative stress modulates osteoblastic differentiation of vascular and bone cells.

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