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      Activity of the Lupane isolated from Combretum leprosum against Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes

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          Abstract

          This paper describes the activity of the ethanolic extract (EE), obtained from the fruits of Combretum leprosum, the triterpene 3β, 6β, 16β-trihydroxylup-20(29)-ene (1) and its synthetic derivatives 1a-1d on Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes. The EE displayed leishmanicidal activity and the IC50 was 24.8 mg mL-1. However, the triterpene 3β, 6β, 16β-trihydroxylup-20(29)-ene (1), at a concentration of 5.0 mg mL-1, showed a potent inhibitory activity on promastigotes proliferation (IC50 = 3.3 mg mL-1). Among the synthetic derivatives, only (1b) and (1d) were active against promastigotes (IC50 = 3.48 mg mL-1and 5.8 mg mL-1, respectively). Moreover, the synthetic derivative 1a showed no activity on promastigotes of L. amazonensis. EE, (1) and the synthetic derivatives 1a-1d showed no cytotoxic effect on mice peritoneal macrophages. These results provide evidence that the ethanolic extract and the lupane isolated from C. leprosum was active against promastigotes of L. amazonensis, and may be used as a tool in the studies of new antileishmanial drugs.

          Translated abstract

          O presente trabalho descreve a atividade do extrato etanólico (EE) dos frutos de Combretum leprosum, do triterpeno 3β, 6β, 16β-triidroxilup-20(29)-eno (1) e seus derivados sintéticos (1a-1d), sobre promastigotas de Leishmaniaamazonensis. O EE apresentou atividade leishmanicida e o valor de IC50 foi de 24,8 µg mL-1. Já o triterpeno 3β, 6β, 16β-trihidroxilup-20(29)-eno (1), na concentração de 5,0 µg mL-1, apresentou uma potente ação inibitória sobre a proliferação das promastigotas (IC50 = 3,3 µg mL-1). Entre os derivados sintéticos, apenas 1b e 1d apresentaram atividade contra as promastigotas (IC50 = 3,48 µg mL-1e 5,8 µg mL-1, respectivamente). Por outro lado, o derivado sintético 1a não apresentou atividade sobre as promastigotas de L. amazonensis. O EE, (1) e os derivados sintéticos 1a-1d não apresentaram efeito citotóxico sobre macrófagos peritoneais de camundongos. Estes resultados fornecem evidencias de que o extrato etanólico e o lupano isolado de C. leprosum possui atividade contra promastigotas de L. amazonensis, podendo ser utilizados como ferramentas no estudo de novas drogas leishmanicidas.

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          Response rate or time to progression as predictors of survival in trials of metastatic colorectal cancer or non-small-cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis.

          The duration and cost of cancer clinical trials could be reduced if a surrogate endpoint were used in place of survival. We did a meta-analysis to assess the extent to which two surrogates, tumour response and time to progression, are predictive of mortality in metastatic colorectal cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer. Summary data (median time to progression, proportion of patients responding to treatment, and median overall survival) from randomised trials of first-line treatment in colorectal cancer (146 trials) and lung cancer (191 trials) were identified. Data were extracted and analysed by linear regression. We used prediction bands for trials with 250, 500, and 750 patients to identify the surrogate threshold effect that would predict a significant difference in survival. Response to treatment and time to progression correlated with improvement in survival for both lung cancer (p<0.0001 and p=0.0003, respectively) and colorectal cancer (p<0.0001 for both). To predict a significant survival gain in colorectal cancer trials, an improvement of 20% in the number of patients responding to treatment was required in trials with 750 patients, increasing to 26% in trials with 500 patients and 38% in trials with 250 patients. In lung cancer trials, the same prediction required differences in response of 18% for 750 patients, 21% for 500 patients, and 30% for 250 patients. For time to progression for both cancer types, the incremental gain needed to predict a survival improvement was a median of 1.8 months for trials with 750 patients, 2.2 months for 500 patients, and 3.3 months for 250 patients. Irrespective of trial size, large differences in tumour response rate are needed to predict a significant survival benefit. If surrogates are chosen as the primary endpoint in a clinical trial, time to progression is the preferred measure because more modest and achievable differences are needed for a significant survival benefit. Trials in metastatic lung cancer and colorectal cancer should measure survival as their primary outcome unless the surrogate outcome difference is anticipated to exceed the threshold effect size.
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            J. Immunol. Methods

            T Mosmann (1983)
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              Bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract.

              Bacterial translocation is defined as the passage of viable indigenous bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to extraintestinal sites, such as the mesenteric-lymph-node complex, liver, spleen and bloodstream. Three major mechanisms promote bacterial translocation: intestinal bacterial overgrowth, deficiencies in host immune defenses and increased permeability or damage to the intestinal mucosal barrier.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                jbchs
                Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
                J. Braz. Chem. Soc.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Química (São Paulo )
                1678-4790
                May 2011
                : 22
                : 5
                : 936-942
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto de Pesquisa em Patologias Tropicais Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal de Rondônia Brazil
                [3 ] Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Brazil
                Article
                S0103-50532011000500017
                10.1590/S0103-50532011000500017
                dc6a58da-5db5-45e9-a5ad-f6fe1ef90218

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0103-5053&lng=en
                Categories
                CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

                General chemistry
                promastigotes,Leishmania amazonensis,Combretum leprosum,triterpene,synthetic derivatives

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