A Fatal Case of  Rhizopus azygosporus  Pneumonia Following COVID-19

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Abstract

We report a fatal case of Rhizopus azygosporus pneumonia in a 56-year-old man hospitalized for COVID-19 who had received methylprednisolone and tocilizumab. Although COVID-associated pulmonary aspergillosis has been widely documented, mucormycosis has been rarely reported. In this patient, receipt of two commonly used immunosuppressants likely contributed to mucormycosis risk, suggesting the need for vigilance in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.

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Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: a review of 929 reported cases.

M M Roden, T. E. Zaoutis, W L Buchanan … (2005)

Zygomycosis is an increasingly emerging life-threatening infection. There is no single comprehensive literature review that describes the epidemiology and outcome of this disease. We reviewed reports of zygomycosis in the English-language literature since 1885 and analyzed 929 eligible cases. We included in the database only those cases for which the underlying condition, the pattern of infection, the surgical and antifungal treatments, and survival were described. The mean age of patients was 38.8 years; 65% were male. The prevalence and overall mortality were 36% and 44%, respectively, for diabetes; 19% and 35%, respectively, for no underlying condition; and 17% and 66%, respectively, for malignancy. The most common types of infection were sinus (39%), pulmonary (24%), and cutaneous (19%). Dissemination developed in 23% of cases. Mortality varied with the site of infection: 96% of patients with disseminated disease died, 85% with gastrointestinal infection died, and 76% with pulmonary infection died. The majority of patients with malignancy (92 [60%] of 154) had pulmonary disease, whereas the majority of patients with diabetes (222 [66%] of 337) had sinus disease. Rhinocerebral disease was seen more frequently in patients with diabetes (145 [33%] of 337), compared with patients with malignancy (6 [4%] of 154). Hematogenous dissemination to skin was rare; however, 78 (44%) of 176 cutaneous infections were complicated by deep extension or dissemination. Survival was 3% (8 of 241 patients) for cases that were not treated, 61% (324 of 532) for cases treated with amphotericin B deoxycholate, 57% (51 of 90) for cases treated with surgery alone, and 70% (328 of 470) for cases treated with antifungal therapy and surgery. By multivariate analysis, infection due to Cunninghamella species and disseminated disease were independently associated with increased rates of death (odds ratios, 2.78 and 11.2, respectively). Outcome from zygomycosis varies as a function of the underlying condition, site of infection, and use of antifungal therapy.

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Defining and managing COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis: the 2020 ECMM/ISHAM consensus criteria for research and clinical guidance

Philipp Koehler, Matteo Bassetti, Arunaloke Chakrabarti … (2020)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causes direct damage to the airway epithelium, enabling aspergillus invasion. Reports of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis have raised concerns about it worsening the disease course of COVID-19 and increasing mortality. Additionally, the first cases of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis caused by azole-resistant aspergillus have been reported. This article constitutes a consensus statement on defining and managing COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis, prepared by experts and endorsed by medical mycology societies. COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis is proposed to be defined as possible, probable, or proven on the basis of sample validity and thus diagnostic certainty. Recommended first-line therapy is either voriconazole or isavuconazole. If azole resistance is a concern, then liposomal amphotericin B is the drug of choice. Our aim is to provide definitions for clinical research and up-to-date recommendations for clinical management of the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis.

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Rhino-Orbital Mucormycosis Associated With COVID-19

Salil Mehta, Abha Pandey (2020)

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections may be associated with a wide range of bacterial and fungal co-infections. We report the case of a patient with COVID-19 infection, which, during the course of the treatment, developed rhino-orbital mucormycosis. A 60- year-old male patient, a longstanding diabetic, with a positive reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was admitted for treatment. He received parenteral meropenem and oral oseltamivir with parenteral methylprednisolone. Over the course of the admission, he developed signs of orbital cellulitis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, orbits, and paranasal sinuses, revealed soft tissue swelling in the right preseptal, malar, premaxillary and retrobulbar regions with paranasal sinusitis. A nasal biopsy revealed broad aseptate filamentous fungal hyphae suggestive of mucormycosis, which was confirmed on culture. Extensive use of steroids/monoclonal antibodies/broad-spectrum antibiotics may lead to the development/exacerbation of a preexisting fungal disease. Physicians should be aware of the possibility of secondary invasive fungal infections in patients with COVID-19 infection.

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Author and article information

Contributors

David Perlin: Role: Academic Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Fungi (Basel)

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Fungi (Basel)

Journal ID (publisher-id): jof

Title: Journal of Fungi

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 2309-608X

Publication date (Electronic): 28 February 2021

Publication date Collection: March 2021

Volume: 7

Issue: 3

Electronic Location Identifier: 174

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Infectious Diseases and Travel Medicine, Beebe Healthcare, Lewes, DE 19958, USA; solewiler@ 123456beebehealthcare.org

[2 ]Epidemiologist, Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329-4018, USA; noq1@ 123456cdc.gov

[3 ]Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Beebe Healthcare, Lewes, DE 19958, USA; kwehberg@ 123456beebehealthcare.org

[4 ]Department of Internal Medicine, Beebe Healthcare, Lewes, DE 19958, USA; mcortes@ 123456beebehealthcare.org

[5 ]Late Sequelae Unit, CDC COVID-19 Response Clinical Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329-4018, USA

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: kanwaranubhav9@ 123456gmail.com (A.K.); iyn0@ 123456cdc.gov (B.R.J.); Tel.: +1-302-645-4090 (A.K.); +1-404-639-0536 (B.R.J.)

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Anubhav Kanwar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0506-3858

Brendan R. Jackson https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3369-2408

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Publisher ID: jof-07-00174

DOI: 10.3390/jof7030174

PMC ID: 7997212

PubMed ID: 33670842

SO-VID: dc6d804f-4ff6-4a4a-a97a-e2d0ce3ec08b

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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

A Fatal Case of Rhizopus azygosporus Pneumonia Following COVID-19

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Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID-19

Most cited references 18

Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: a review of 929 reported cases.

Defining and managing COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis: the 2020 ECMM/ISHAM consensus criteria for research and clinical guidance

Rhino-Orbital Mucormycosis Associated With COVID-19

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