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      The Cosmochemical Record of Carbonaceous Meteorites: An Evolutionary Story

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          Abstract

          This account traces a lecture given to El Colegio Nacional last March during a Conference "On the origin of life on the Earth" organized to celebrate Darwin's Bicentennial. It reports on the extraterrestrial organic materials found in carbon-containing meteorites, their composition, likely origin and possible prebiotic contribution to early terrestrial environments. Overall, this abiotic chemistry displays structures as diverse as kerogen-like macromolecules and simpler soluble compounds, such as amino acids, amines and polyols, and show an isotopic composition that verifies their extraterrestrial origin and lineage to cosmochemical synthetic regimes. Some meteoritic compounds have identical counterpart in the biosphere and encourage the proposal that their exogenous delivery to the early Earth might have fostered molecular evolution. Particularly suggestive in this regard are the unique L-asymmetry of a number of amino acids in some meteorites as well as the rich and almost exclusively water-soluble compositions discovered for other meteorite types.

          Translated abstract

          Esta reseña resume una conferencia impartida en marzo pasado en El Colegio Nacional en el Simposio "Sobre el origen de la vida en la Tierra" organizado para la celebración del Bicentenario del nacimiento de Darwin. Se informa sobre los materiales orgánicos extraterrestres encontrados en meteoritos que contienen carbono, su composición, origen probable y su posible contribución prebiótica al ambiente terrestre incial. Esta química abiótica incluye estructuras diversas, tales como macromoléculas querogénicas y compuestos solubles simples, como amino ácidos, aminas y polioles, y muestran una composición isotópica que confirma su origen extraterrestre y su linaje sintético cosmoquímico. Algunos compuestos meteoríticos tienen contrapartes idénticas en la biósfera y apoyan la propuesta referente a que su envío exógeno a la Tierra primitiva podría haber favorecido la evolución molecular. Particularmente sugerente en este aspecto es la asimetría L exclusiva como su rica y casi exclusiva composición soluble en agua también descubierta en otros tipos de meteoritos.

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          Rapid planetesimal formation in turbulent circumstellar discs

          The initial stages of planet formation in circumstellar gas discs proceed via dust grains that collide and build up larger and larger bodies (Safronov 1969). How this process continues from metre-sized boulders to kilometre-scale planetesimals is a major unsolved problem (Dominik et al. 2007): boulders stick together poorly (Benz 2000), and spiral into the protostar in a few hundred orbits due to a head wind from the slower rotating gas (Weidenschilling 1977). Gravitational collapse of the solid component has been suggested to overcome this barrier (Safronov 1969, Goldreich & Ward 1973, Youdin & Shu 2002). Even low levels of turbulence, however, inhibit sedimentation of solids to a sufficiently dense midplane layer (Weidenschilling & Cuzzi 1993, Dominik et al. 2007), but turbulence must be present to explain observed gas accretion in protostellar discs (Hartmann 1998). Here we report the discovery of efficient gravitational collapse of boulders in locally overdense regions in the midplane. The boulders concentrate initially in transient high pressures in the turbulent gas (Johansen, Klahr, & Henning 2006), and these concentrations are augmented a further order of magnitude by a streaming instability (Youdin & Goodman 2005, Johansen, Henning, & Klahr 2006, Johansen & Youdin 2007) driven by the relative flow of gas and solids. We find that gravitationally bound clusters form with masses comparable to dwarf planets and containing a distribution of boulder sizes. Gravitational collapse happens much faster than radial drift, offering a possible path to planetesimal formation in accreting circumstellar discs.
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            A survey of Ley's reactivity tuning in oligosaccharide synthesis.

            Ana Gomez (2011)
            This chapter summarizes the concepts and chemistry developed by Ley's group in relation to the relevance of reactivity tuning in oligosaccharide coupling reactions. The recognition that protecting groups affect the reactivity of glycosyl donors allowed Ley's group to make imaginative use of their 1,2-diacetal protecting groups. The combination of 1,2-diacetals with the presence of different anomeric leaving groups provides up to four different levels of reactivity. The exploitation of these reactivity levels in chemoselective glycosylation processes (reactivity tuning) has allowed the development of highly simplified routes to several complex oligosaccharides in step-wise or one-pot procedures.
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              Microlithography by using neutral metastable atoms and self-assembled monolayers.

              Lithography can be performed with beams of neutral atoms in metastable excited states to pattern self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiolates on gold. An estimated exposure of a SAM of dodecanethiolate (DDT) to 15 to 20 metastable argon atoms per DDT molecule damaged the SAM sufficiently to allow penetration of an aqueous solution of ferricyanide to the surface of the gold. This solution etched the gold and transformed the patterns in the SAMs into structures of gold; these structures had edge resolution of less than 100 nanometers. Regions of SAMs as large as 2 square centimeters were patterned by exposure to a beam of metastable argon atoms. These observations suggest that this system may be useful in new forms of micro- and nanolithography.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                jmcs
                Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society
                J. Mex. Chem. Soc
                Sociedad Química de México A.C. (México, DF, Mexico )
                1870-249X
                December 2009
                : 53
                : 4
                : 253-260
                Affiliations
                [01] Tempe AZ orgnameArizona State University orgdiv1Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry USA pizzar@ 123456asu.edu
                Article
                S1870-249X2009000400009 S1870-249X(09)05300400009
                dc7a4145-5de5-4581-8399-655b9453445e

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 18 December 2009
                : 24 October 2009
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 22, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Account

                Earth,Life,Tierra,química abiótica,Cosmoquímica,macromoléculas,vida,Macromolecules,Abiotic Chemistry,Cosmochemical

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