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      Secuencias de osificación y heterocronía en los miembros de los armadillos Dasypus y Chaetophractus (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Cingulata)

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          Abstract

          El objetivo de este trabajo es caracterizar las secuencias de osificación de las extremidades de Dasypus y Chaetophractus y analizarlas en un marco filogenético, con el fin de identificar eventos heterocrónicos en el grupo. Se procesaron 58 especímenes de Dasypus hybridus, Chaetophractus vellerosus y C. villosus y se registraron los centros de osificación de los miembros anteriores y posteriores. Además, se realizó un mapeo filogenético mediante event-pair cracking, para identificar eventos sinapomórficos (movimientos de los eventos de osificación en la secuencia a lo largo de las ramas de una filogenia). Para ello se incluyeron varios taxones de mamíferos actuales no xenartros. El clado Cingulata se caracteriza por un retardo (osificación del unciforme) y tres adelantamientos (calcáneo, ectocuneiforme y cuboides). Los eventos autapomórficos de Dasypus son 14, destacándose los adelantamientos de las falanges distales. En Chaetophractus son seis y también las falanges distales se adelantan en la secuencia. En la región carpal los elementos de mayor tamaño relativo comenzarían a osificar más temprano, mientras que aquellos de menor tamaño lo harían en etapas más tardías (e.g., pisiforme y magno en Chaetophractus). En la región tarsal y las falanges sucede algo similar. En Dasypus el quinto dígito manual está muy reducido y osifica tardíamente. Algunos eventos en otros taxones seguirían este mismo patrón (e.g., fíbula de Equus). En el autopodio de los mamíferos podría existir una compartimentalización, en la que la trayectoria de osificación obedecería esencialmente al tamaño de los elementos cartilaginosos que conforman el compartimiento, comenzando por los elementos más grandes.

          Translated abstract

          Here we described the ossification sequences of the limbs of Dasypus and Chaetophractus, analyzed them in a phylogenetic framework in order to identify heterochronic events. We used 58 specimens of D. hybridus, C. vellerosus, and C. villosus, and recorded ossification centers of the fore and hind limbs. In addition, we performed a phylogenetic mapping using event-pair cracking to identify sinapomorphic events (movements of ossification events in a sequence along each branch of a phylogeny). To perform this analysis, we included several non-xenarthran extant mammal taxa. The Cingulata clade is characterized by one delayed event (unciform ossification), and three events that moved to earlier positions (calcaneus, ectocuneiform, and cuboid). In Dasypus, 14 autapomorphic events were recorded, standing out the earlier ossification of the distal phalanges. In Chaetophractus six autapomorphic events are recorded, and the distal phalanges also ossified in earlier stages. In the carpal region the largest elements would ossify earlier, while smaller ones would do so in later stages (e.g., pisiform and magnum in Chaetophractus). The pattern is similar in the tarsal and phalangeal regions. In Dasypus the fifth manual digit is highly reduced and ossifies rather late in the ontogeny. Some events in other taxa follow the same pattern (e.g., the fibula of Equus). The autopodium of mammals could be divided in compartments, and the ossification sequence would correlate with size within each compartment, starting the ossification in larger elements.

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          Did the end-Cretaceous mass extinction event, by eliminating non-avian dinosaurs and most of the existing fauna, trigger the evolutionary radiation of present-day mammals? Here we construct, date and analyse a species-level phylogeny of nearly all extant Mammalia to bring a new perspective to this question. Our analyses of how extant lineages accumulated through time show that net per-lineage diversification rates barely changed across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Instead, these rates spiked significantly with the origins of the currently recognized placental superorders and orders approximately 93 million years ago, before falling and remaining low until accelerating again throughout the Eocene and Oligocene epochs. Our results show that the phylogenetic 'fuses' leading to the explosion of extant placental orders are not only very much longer than suspected previously, but also challenge the hypothesis that the end-Cretaceous mass extinction event had a major, direct influence on the diversification of today's mammals.
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            We present a quantitative method for describing how heterochronic changes in ontogeny relate to phyletic trends. This is a step towards creating a unified view of developmental biology and evolutionary ecology in the study of morphological evolution. Using this representation, we obtain a greatly simplified and logical scheme of classification. We believe that this scheme will be particularly useful in studying the data of paleontology and comparative morphology and in the analysis of processes leading to adaptive radiation. We illustrate this scheme by examples drawn from the literature and our own work.
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              Phylogeny and divergence-date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes.

              The muroid rodents are the largest superfamily of mammals, containing nearly one third of all mammal species. We report on a phylogenetic study comprising 53 genera sequenced for four nuclear genes, GHR, BRCA1, RAG1, and c-myc, totaling up to 6400 nucleotides. Most relationships among the subfamilies are resolved. All four genes yield nearly identical phylogenies, differing only in five key regions, four of which may represent particularly rapid radiations. Support is very strong for a fundamental division of the mole rats of the subfamilies Spalacinae and Rhizomyinae from all other muroids. Among the other "core" muroids, a rapid radiation led to at least four distinct lineages: Asian Calomyscus, an African clade of at least four endemic subfamilies, including the diverse Nesomyinae of Madagascar, a hamster clade with maximum diversity in the New World, and an Old World clade including gerbils and the diverse Old World mice and rats (Murinae). The Deomyinae, recently removed from the Murinae, is well supported as the sister group to the gerbils (Gerbillinae). Four key regions appear to represent rapid radiations and, despite a large amount of sequence data, remain poorly resolved: the base of the "core" muroids, among the five cricetid (hamster) subfamilies, within a large clade of Sigmodontinae endemic to South America, and among major geographic lineages of Old World Murinae. Because of the detailed taxon sampling within the Murinae, we are able to refine the fossil calibration of a rate-smoothed molecular clock and apply this clock to date key events in muroid evolution. We calculate rate differences among the gene regions and relate those differences to relative contribution of each gene to the support for various nodes. The among-gene variance in support is greatest for the shortest branches. We present a revised classification for this largest but most unsettled mammalian superfamily.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rmacn
                Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales
                Rev. Mus. Argent. Cienc. Nat.
                Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia e Instituto Nacional de Investigación de las Ciencias Naturales (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, , Argentina )
                1853-0400
                June 2018
                : 20
                : 1
                : 91-107
                Affiliations
                [01] La Plata orgnameMuseo de La Plata orgdiv1Laboratorio de Morfología Evolutiva y Desarrollo (MORPHOS) Argentina
                [02] La Plata orgnameMuseo de La Plata orgdiv1Div. Paleontología de Vertebrados Argentina
                Article
                S1853-04002018000100010
                dc892e8e-84cf-48d6-8d4e-8864da8d05e8

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 49, Pages: 17
                Product

                SciELO Argentina

                Categories
                Homenaje a José Yepes

                Armadillos,Miembro posterior,Ossification centers,Skeletogenesis,Event-pair cracking,Xenarthran mammals,Centros de osificación,Event-paircracking,Miembro anterior

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