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      Neurociencia afectiva del TDAH: Datos existentes y direcciones futuras Translated title: Affective neuroscience of ADHD: Current data and future directions

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          Abstract

          El trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) es un trastorno de origen neurobiológico complejo y heterogéneo que se caracteriza no sólo por sus disfunciones cognitivas sino también por la existencia de importantes alteraciones afectivas, tanto motivacionales como emocionales. Sin embargo, los correlatos neurobiológicos que subyacen a las disfunciones afectivas del TDAH apenas han sido explorados, en comparación con la extensa investigación llevada a cabo sobre los mecanismos neurales implicados en sus principales déficit cognitivos (atención, inhibición de respuesta y memoria de trabajo). Este trabajo revisa las recientes investigaciones que han explorado las bases neurales involucradas en las alteraciones motivacionales y emocionales mostradas por las personas con TDAH. Asimismo, se discuten las implicaciones prácticas derivadas de los resultados de estos estudios y se proponen nuevas líneas de investigación desde la Neurociencia afectiva.

          Translated abstract

          Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex and heterogeneous disorder that is characterized not only by cognitive deficits but also by affective dysfunctions, both motivational and emotional. Nevertheless, the neural bases of affective dysfunctions have barely been explored in relation to this disorder, in contrast to extensive research that examined the neural correlates of its main cognitive deficits (attention, response inhibition and working memory). This article reviews the available data regarding the neurobiological substrates of motivational and emotional alterations showed by children, adolescents and adults with ADHD. Practical implications derived from these data are discussed and future research directions from affective neuroscience are suggested.

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          Most cited references162

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          Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

          Results of behavioral genetic and molecular genetic studies have converged to suggest that both genetic and nongenetic factors contribute to the development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We review this literature, with a particular emphasis on molecular genetic studies. Family, twin, and adoption studies provide compelling evidence that genes play a strong role in mediating susceptibility to ADHD. This fact is most clearly seen in the 20 extant twin studies, which estimate the heritability of ADHD to be .76. Molecular genetic studies suggest that the genetic architecture of ADHD is complex. The few genome-wide scans conducted thus far are not conclusive. In contrast, the many candidate gene studies of ADHD have produced substantial evidence implicating several genes in the etiology of the disorder. For the eight genes for which the same variant has been studied in three or more case-control or family-based studies, seven show statistically significant evidence of association with ADHD on the basis of the pooled odds ratio across studies: DRD4, DRD5, DAT, DBH, 5-HTT, HTR1B, and SNAP-25.
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            Amygdala-frontal connectivity during emotion regulation.

            Successful control of affect partly depends on the capacity to modulate negative emotional responses through the use of cognitive strategies (i.e., reappraisal). Recent studies suggest the involvement of frontal cortical regions in the modulation of amygdala reactivity and the mediation of effective emotion regulation. However, within-subject inter-regional connectivity between amygdala and prefrontal cortex in the context of affect regulation is unknown. Here, using psychophysiological interaction analyses of functional magnetic resonance imaging data, we show that activity in specific areas of the frontal cortex (dorsolateral, dorsal medial, anterior cingulate, orbital) covaries with amygdala activity and that this functional connectivity is dependent on the reappraisal task. Moreover, strength of amygdala coupling with orbitofrontal cortex and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex predicts the extent of attenuation of negative affect following reappraisal. These findings highlight the importance of functional connectivity within limbic-frontal circuitry during emotion regulation.
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              Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes.

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ep
                Escritos de Psicología (Internet)
                Escritos de Psicología
                Universidad de Málaga (Málaga )
                1989-3809
                April 2010
                : 3
                : 2
                : 17-29
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Spain
                [2 ] Hospital Quirón Spain
                Article
                S1989-38092010000100003
                dc91baf8-0dc9-4c87-a1c3-02c35c983329

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,ADHD,Emotion,Motivation,Reward,Trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad,TDAH,Emoción,Motivación,Recompensa

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