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      Prevención de la enfermedad renal crónica en adultos: una revisión bibliográfica Translated title: Prevention of chronic kidney disease in adulthood: a literature review

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: La enfermedad renal crónica avanza de forma lenta, silenciosa y progresiva, su prevención juega un papel importante, para evitar el comienzo del daño renal y potenciar el tratamiento. Objetivo: Describir la prevención de la enfermedad renal crónica en adultos. Metodología: Revisión bibliográfica de tipo descriptiva, realizada en base de datos especializadas (PubMed, ProQuest, Scielo, Karger y Redalyc), en centros especializados de información (BVS) y revistas científicas (Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, American Journal of Nephrology), desde enero de 2010 a julio de 2021. Resultados: 20 artículos fueron seleccionados y se identificaron 3 categorías: “Prevención primaria: medidas para evitar la adquisición de la enfermedad”, “Prevención secundaria: Marcadores renales para la detección temprana de la enfermedad renal crónica”, “Comportamiento del personal de salud ante la prevención de la enfermedad renal crónica”. Conclusiones: La prevención de la enfermedad renal crónica en adultos, es abordada la mayoría de casos en los dos primeros niveles de prevención. En el primer nivel mediante sesiones educativas y control de la presión arterial. En el segundo nivel, las acciones van dirigidas a la detección precoz mediante el uso de marcadores renales como la tasa de filtración glomerular y la microalbuminuria.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: Chronic kidney disease progresses slowly, silently and progressively. Prevention is crucial to avoid the onset of kidney damage and to enhance treatment. Objective: To describe the prevention of chronic kidney disease in adulthood. Methodology: Descriptive literature review carried out in specialised databases (PubMed, ProQuest, Scielo, Karger and Redalyc), specialised information centres and scientific journals (Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, American Journal of Nephrology). Manuscripts published from January 2010 to July 2021. Results: Twenty articles were selected and three categories were identified: “Primary prevention: measures to prevent the acquired disease”, “Secondary prevention: renal markers for early detection of chronic kidney disease”, “ Healthcare workers’ behaviour towards the prevention of chronic kidney disease”. Conclusions: Prevention of chronic kidney disease in adulthood is mostly addressed at the first two prevention levels. In the first level, by means of educational sessions and blood pressure control. On the second level, actions are targeted at early detection using renal markers such as glomerular filtration rate and microalbuminuria.

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          Chronic kidney disease

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            Elevated blood pressure and risk of end-stage renal disease in subjects without baseline kidney disease.

            Many cases of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are ascribed to hypertension. However, because renal disease itself can raise blood pressure, some investigators argue that ESRD seen in patients with hypertension is due to underlying primary renal disease. Previous cohort studies of the relationship between blood pressure and ESRD did not uniformly screen out baseline kidney disease. We conducted a historical cohort study among members of Kaiser Permanente of Northern California, a large integrated health care delivery system. The ESRD cases were ascertained by matching with the US Renal Data System registry. A total of 316 675 adult Kaiser members participated in the Multiphasic Health Checkups from 1964 to 1985. All subjects had estimated glomerular filtration rates of 60 mL /min per 1.73 m(2) or higher and negative dipstick urinalysis results for proteinuria or hematuria. During 8 210 431 person-years of follow-up, 1149 cases of ESRD occurred. Compared with subjects with a blood pressure less than 120/80 mm Hg, the adjusted relative risks for developing ESRD were 1.62 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27-2.07) for blood pressures of 120 to 129/80 to 84 mm Hg, 1.98 (95% CI, 1.55-2.52) for blood pressures of 130 to 139/85 to 89 mm Hg, 2.59 (95% CI, 2.07-3.25) for blood pressures of 140 to 159/90 to 99 mm Hg, 3.86 (95% CI, 3.00-4.96) for blood pressures of 160 to 179/100 to 109 mm Hg, 3.88 (95% CI, 2.82-5.34) for blood pressures of 180 to 209/110 to 119 mm Hg, and 4.25 (95% CI, 2.63-6.86) for blood pressures of 210/120 mm Hg or higher. Similar associations between blood pressure level and ESRD risk were seen in all subgroup analyses. Even relatively modest elevation in blood pressure is an independent risk factor for ESRD. The observed relationship does not appear to be due to confounding by clinically evident baseline kidney disease.
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              Healthy Behaviors, Risk Factor Control and Awareness of Chronic Kidney Disease

              Background/Aims: The association between chronic kidney disease (CKD) awareness and healthy behaviors is unknown. We examined whether CKD self-recognition is associated with healthy behaviors and achieving risk-reduction targets known to decrease risk of cardiovascular morbidity and CKD progression. Methods: CKD awareness, defined as a ‘yes’ response to ‘Has a doctor or other health professional ever told you that you had kidney disease?’, was examined among adults with CKD (eGFR 2 ) who participated in the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. Odds of participation in healthy behaviors (tobacco avoidance, avoidance of regular nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, and physical activity) and achievement of risk-reduction targets (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker use, systolic blood pressure control and glycemic control among those with diabetes) among those aware versus unaware of their CKD were determined by logistic regression, controlling for sociodemographics, access to care and comorbid conditions. Systolic blood pressure control was defined as <130 mm Hg (primary definition) or <140 mm Hg (secondary definition). Results: Of 2,615 participants, only 6% (n = 166) were aware of having CKD. Those who were aware had 82% higher odds of tobacco avoidance compared to those unaware (adjusted OR = 1.82, 95% CI 1.02–3.24). CKD awareness was not associated with other healthy behaviors or achievement of risk-reduction targets. Conclusions: Awareness of CKD was only associated with participation in one healthy behavior and was not associated with achievement of risk-reduction targets. To encourage adoption of healthy behaviors, a better understanding of barriers to participation in CKD-healthy behaviors is needed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                enefro
                Enfermería Nefrológica
                Enferm Nefrol
                Sociedad Española de Enfermería Nefrológica (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                2254-2884
                2255-3517
                December 2022
                : 25
                : 4
                : 310-317
                Affiliations
                [1] Chiclayo orgnameUniversidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo orgdiv1Escuela de Enfermería Peru
                Article
                S2254-28842022000400003 S2254-2884(22)02500400003
                10.37551/52254-28842022031
                dcb29ed8-bb9e-445e-b89d-85c248a9b2bd

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 25 September 2022
                : 13 July 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 34, Pages: 8
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                SciELO Spain

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                adult,CKD,disease prevention,adulto,insuficiencia renal crónica,prevención de enfermedades

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