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      Dentin Morphology of Root Canal Surface: A Quantitative Evaluation Based on a Scanning Electronic Microscopy Study

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          Abstract

          Dentin is a vital, hydrated composite tissue with structural components and properties that vary in the different topographic portions of the teeth. These variations have a significant implication for biomechanical teeth properties and for the adhesive systems utilized in conservative dentistry. The aim of this study is to analyse the root canal dentin going from coronal to apical zone to find the ratio between the intertubular dentin area and the surface occupied by dentin tubules varies. Observations were conducted on 30 healthy premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons in patients aged between 10 and 14. A SEM analysis of the data obtained in different canal portions showed that, in the coronal zone, dentinal tubules had a greater diameter (4.32  μm) than the middle zone (3.74  μm) and the apical zone (1.73  μm). The average number of dentinal tubules (in an area of 1 mm 2) was similar in coronal zone (46,798 ± 10,644) and apical zone (45,192 ± 10,888), while in the middle zone they were lower in number (30,940 ± 7,651). However, intertubular dentin area was bigger going from apical to coronal portion. The differences between the analysed areas must be considered for the choice of the adhesive system.

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          The adhesion between fiber posts and root canal walls: comparison between microtensile and push-out bond strength measurements.

          Cecilia Goracci, Andrea Urbano Tavares, Andrea Fabianelli … (2004)
          Aim of the study was to compare the trimming and non-trimming variants of the microtensile technique with the 'micro' push-out test in the ability to measure accurately the bond strength of fiber posts luted inside root canals. In 15 endodontically treated teeth (Group A), fiber posts were cemented with Excite DSC in combination with Variolink II (Ivoclar-Vivadent). In 15 roots RelyX Unicem (3M-ESPE) was used for fiber post luting (Group B). Within each group, the bond strength of cemented fiber posts was assessed with the trimming and non-trimming microtensile technique, as well as with the push-out test. The great number of premature failures (16.9% in Group A, 27.5% in Group B) and the finding of high standard deviation values make questionable the reliability of the trimming microtensile technique. With the non-trimming microtensile technique, only five sticks were obtained from a total of six roots. The remaining specimens failed prematurely during the cutting phase. With the push-out test no premature failure occurred, the variability of the data distribution was acceptable, and regional differences in bond strength among root levels could be assessed. Relatively low values of bond strength were, in general, recorded for luted fiber posts. In conclusion, when measuring the bond strength of luted fiber posts, the push-out test appears to be more dependable than the microtensile technique.
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            The structure of dentine in the apical region of human teeth.

            I Mjör, Andrew T. Smith, M Ferrari … (2001)
            To study the structure of the apical region of human teeth with emphasis on dentinal tubules and their branches. This descriptive histological study employed demineralized stained sections for light microscopy, demineralized unstained sections for scanning electron microscopy, and undemineralized, acid-etched specimens for confocal tandem scanning microscopy. The apical portion of human teeth showed marked variations in structure, including accessory root canals, areas of resorption and repaired resorptions, occasional attached, embedded and free pulp stones, varied amounts of irregular secondary dentine, and even cementum-like tissue lining the apical root canal wall. The apex often deviated from the long axis of the root canal. Primary dentinal tubules were irregular in direction and density. Some areas were devoid of tubules. The irregular and variable structure of the apical region of human teeth represent special challenges during endodontic therapy. Obturation techniques based on the penetration of adhesives into dentinal tubules are unlikely to be successful and adhesive techniques must depend on impregnation of a hybrid layer.
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              Effects of luting agent and thermocycling on bond strengths to root canal dentine.

              K Bitter, H Meyer-Lueckel, K Priehn … (2006)
              To investigate the effects of luting agent and thermocycling on bond strengths to root canal dentine. Extracted maxillary canines (n =144) were root filled and divided into six groups of 24 teeth each. Fibre posts (FRC Postec) were inserted using six luting agents: Panavia F, Multilink, Variolink II, PermaFlo DC, RelyX Unicem and Clearfil Core. Each root was sliced into six discs (thickness 1 mm) representing the coronal, middle and apical part of the root canal. Push-out tests were performed 24 h after post insertion (n = 12) as well as after thermocycling (5000x; 5-55 degrees C, 30 s) (n = 12). Statistical analysis was conducted using analysis of variance (anova) followed by post-hoc comparisons (Tukey-B). The influence of thermocycling on bond strengths was investigated for each material and region separately using t-tests. The bond strengths were significantly affected by the luting agent (P < 0.001), the root position (P = 0.003) and thermocycling (P < 0.001; three-way anova). RelyX had significantly higher bond strengths compared with all other materials (P < 0.05; Tukey-B). The apical region of the root canal had significantly higher bond strengths compared with the middle and coronal region (P < 0.05; Tukey-B). After thermocycling for RelyX a significant increase in bond strengths was detected for the middle and apical region (P < 0.01; t-test, Bonferroni factor 18). Bond strengths were affected significantly by luting agent and root position. RelyX had higher bond strengths compared with other materials. The apical region of the canals was characterized by significantly higher bond strengths.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biomed Res Int
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biomed Res Int
                Journal ID (publisher-id): BMRI
                Title: BioMed Research International
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 2314-6133
                ISSN (Electronic): 2314-6141
                Publication date (Print): 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 August 2015
                Volume: 2015
                Electronic Location Identifier: 164065
                Affiliations
                1Department of Medical-Surgery and Odontostomatologic Experimental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy
                2Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Italy
                3IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Messina, Italy
                4IPCF-CNR Viale Stagno D'Alcontres, 98100 Messina, Italy
                5Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98100 Messina, Italy
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Levent Sarikcioglu

                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2015/164065
                PMC ID: 4564583
                PubMed ID: 26413504
                SO-VID: dcb5389b-91f8-4938-9237-5814ba60bba9
                Copyright © Copyright © 2015 Giuseppe Lo Giudice et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 14 February 2015
                Date revision received : 25 March 2015
                Date accepted : 13 April 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

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