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      Hidden hospital mortality in patients with sepsis discharged from the intensive care unit Translated title: Mortalidade oculta em pacientes sépticos após alta da unidade de terapia intensiva

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          Abstract

          Objective

          To evaluate the impact of the presence of sepsis on in-hospital mortality after intensive care unit discharge.

          Methods

          Retrospective, observational, single-center study. All consecutive patients discharged alive from the intensive care unit of Hospital Vila Franca de Xira (Portugal) from January 1 to December 31, 2015 (N = 473) were included and followed until death or hospital discharge. In-hospital mortality after intensive care unit discharge was calculated for septic and non-septic patients.

          Results

          A total of 61 patients (12.9%) died in the hospital after being discharged alive from the intensive care unit. This rate was higher among the patients with sepsis on admission, 21.4%, whereas the in-hospital, post-intensive care unit mortality rate for the remaining patients was nearly half that, 9.3% (p < 0.001). Other patient characteristics associated with mortality were advanced age (p = 0.02), male sex (p < 0.001), lower body mass index (p = 0.02), end-stage renal disease (p = 0.04) and high Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II) at intensive care unit admission (p < 0.001), the presence of shock (p < 0.001) and medical admission (p < 0.001). We developed a logistic regression model and identified the independent predictors of in-hospital mortality after intensive care unit discharge.

          Conclusion

          Admission to the intensive care unit with a sepsis diagnosis is associated with an increased risk of dying in the hospital, not only in the intensive care unit but also after resolution of the acute process and discharge from the intensive care unit.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivo

          Avaliar o impacto da presença de sepse na mortalidade hospitalar após alta da unidade de terapia intensiva.

          Métodos

          Ensaio retrospectivo, observacional, em centro único. Todos os pacientes que consecutivamente receberam alta vivos da unidade de terapia intensiva do Hospital Vila Franca de Xira (Portugal) entre 1º de janeiro e 31 de dezembro de 2015 (N = 473) foram incluídos e acompanhados até o óbito ou alta do hospital. A mortalidade hospitalar após alta da unidade de terapia intensiva foi calculada para pacientes sépticos e não sépticos.

          Resultados

          Um total de 61 pacientes (12,9%) faleceu no hospital após receber alta vivos da unidade de terapia intensiva. Esta taxa foi mais elevada entre os pacientes que tinham sepse quando da admissão (21,4%), enquanto a taxa de mortalidade hospitalar após alta da unidade de terapia intensiva para os demais pacientes foi aproximadamente a metade (9,3%), com p < 0,001. Outras características dos pacientes associadas com mortalidade foram idade avançada (p = 0,02), sexo masculino (p < 0,001), índice mais baixo de massa corporal (p = 0,02), nefropatia terminal (p = 0,04) e, quando da admissão à unidade de terapia intensiva, escore elevado segundo o Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II); p < 0,001, presença de choque (p < 0,001) e admissão por causas clínicas (p < 0,001). Desenvolvemos um modelo de regressão logística e identificamos os preditores independentes de mortalidade hospitalar após alta da unidade de terapia intensiva.

          Conclusão

          A admissão à unidade de terapia intensiva com diagnóstico de sepse se associa com maior risco de morrer no hospital, não apenas na unidade de terapia intensiva quanto também após a resolução do processo agudo e alta da unidade de terapia intensiva.

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          Most cited references22

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          Late mortality after sepsis: propensity matched cohort study

          Objectives To determine whether late mortality after sepsis is driven predominantly by pre-existing comorbid disease or is the result of sepsis itself. Deign Observational cohort study. Setting US Health and Retirement Study. Participants 960 patients aged ≥65 (1998-2010) with fee-for-service Medicare coverage who were admitted to hospital with sepsis. Patients were matched to 777 adults not currently in hospital, 788 patients admitted with non-sepsis infection, and 504 patients admitted with acute sterile inflammatory conditions. Main outcome measures Late (31 days to two years) mortality and odds of death at various intervals. Results Sepsis was associated with a 22.1% (95% confidence interval 17.5% to 26.7%) absolute increase in late mortality relative to adults not in hospital, a 10.4% (5.4% to 15.4%) absolute increase relative to patients admitted with non-sepsis infection, and a 16.2% (10.2% to 22.2%) absolute increase relative to patients admitted with sterile inflammatory conditions (P<0.001 for each comparison). Mortality remained higher for at least two years relative to adults not in hospital. Conclusions More than one in five patients who survives sepsis has a late death not explained by health status before sepsis.
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            Hospital mortality of adults admitted to Intensive Care Units in hospitals with and without Intermediate Care Units: a multicentre European cohort study

            Introduction The aim of the study was to assess whether adults admitted to hospitals with both Intensive Care Units (ICU) and Intermediate Care Units (IMCU) have lower in-hospital mortality than those admitted to ICUs without an IMCU. Methods An observational multinational cohort study performed on patients admitted to participating ICUs during a four-week period. IMCU was defined as any physically and administratively independent unit open 24 hours a day, seven days a week providing a level of care lower than an ICU but higher than a ward. Characteristics of hospitals, ICUs and patients admitted to study ICUs were recorded. The main outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality until hospital discharge (censored at 90 days). Results One hundred and sixty-seven ICUs from 17 European countries enrolled 5,834 patients. Overall, 1,113 (19.1%) patients died in the ICU and 1,397 died in hospital, with a total of 1,397 (23.9%) deaths. The illness severity was higher for patients in ICUs with an IMCU (median Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) II: 37) than for patients in ICUs without an IMCU (median SAPS II: 29, P <0.001). After adjustment for patient characteristics at admission such as illness severity, and ICU and hospital characteristics, the odds ratio of mortality was 0.63 (95% CI 0.45 to 0.88, P = 0.007) in favour of the presence of IMCU. The protective effect of the IMCU was absent in patients who were admitted for basic observation, for example, after surgery (odds ratio 1.15, 95% CI 0.65 to 2.03, P = 0.630) but was strong in patients admitted to an ICU for other reasons (odds ratio 0.54, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.80, P = 0.002). Conclusions The presence of an IMCU in the hospital is associated with significantly reduced adjusted hospital mortality for adults admitted to the ICU. This effect is relevant for the patients requiring full intensive treatment. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01422070. Registered 19 August 2011. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13054-014-0551-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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              Lactate as a hemodynamic marker in the critically ill.

              An early quantitative resuscitation strategy improves outcome in critically ill patients. The hemodynamic endpoints of such a strategy have been a topic of debate in the literature. This review focuses on the use of lactate as a marker for risk stratification, lactate clearance as a hemodynamic endpoint, and its use compared to mixed venous oxygenation as a resuscitation goal. Lactate clearance is associated with improved outcome across several cohorts of critically ill patients. Lactate levels and central venous oxygen saturations are frequently discordant. Targeting lactate clearance as part of a quantitative resuscitation strategy may be as effective as targeting central venous oxygen saturation. Resuscitation of the critically ill patient should be aimed at the reversal of tissue hypoxia. The use of lactate as a hemodynamic marker and resuscitation endpoint makes physiologic sense, and is supported by the recent data. The use of lactate clearance versus other traditional endpoints of resuscitation, such as mixed venous oxygen saturation, should be based on the clinical characteristics and response of the individual patient.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Bras Ter Intensiva
                Rev Bras Ter Intensiva
                rbti
                Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva
                Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira - AMIB
                0103-507X
                1982-4335
                Apr-Jun 2019
                Apr-Jun 2019
                : 31
                : 2
                : 122-128
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Santa Maria - Lisboa, Portugal.
                [2 ] Departamento de Clínica Médica, Hospital Leiria - Portugal.
                [3 ] Departamento de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Vila Franca de Xira - Portugal.
                [4 ] Nova Medical School - Lisboa, Portugal.
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: João Gonçalves-Pereira, Intensive Care Department, Hospital Vila Franca de Xira, Rua do Parque Residencial dos Povos, 1, 2600-009 Vila Franca de Xira, Portugal, E-mail: joaogpster@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                10.5935/0103-507X.20190037
                6649225
                31215602
                dcbd26b8-6225-4db1-bfb6-8c3ba21d9685

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 15 May 2018
                : 20 September 2018
                Categories
                Original Article

                sepsis,hospital mortality,intensive care units,sepse,mortalidade hospitalar,unidades de terapia intensiva

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