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      Nephrotic syndrome and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

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          Abstract

          Background

          Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is an inherited disorder characterized by the development and growth of cysts in the kidneys and other organs. In ADPKD patients, nephrotic range proteinuria is unusual and needs to be investigated further to exclude coexisting glomerular disease. Among the anecdotal case reports of ADPKD associated with nephrotic syndrome, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis occurs most frequently.

          Methods

          We report the case of a 26-year-old male with ADPKD and concomitant nephrotic syndrome, in which an ultrasound (US)-guided renal biopsy showed a mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis. We treated the patient with prednisone 1 mg/kg/day, because of the failure of treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker association.

          Results

          After 6 months of steroid treatment, we observed a stability of his GFR and a reduction of proteinuria.

          Conclusion

          This case report and other cases of the literature underline the importance of a renal biopsy in patients with ADPKD and nephrotic syndrome in order to make an accurate diagnosis and an appropriate treatment/prevention of renal function deterioration.

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          Most cited references46

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          Volume progression in polycystic kidney disease.

          Jared J Grantham, Vicente Torres, Arlene Chapman … (2006)
          Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by progressive enlargement of cyst-filled kidneys. In a three-year study, we measured the rates of change in total kidney volume, total cyst volume, and iothalamate clearance in patients with ADPKD. Of a total of 241 patients, in 232 patients without azotemia who were 15 to 46 years old at baseline we used magnetic-resonance imaging to correlate the total kidney volume and total cyst volume with iothalamate clearance. Statistical methods included analysis of variance, Pearson correlation, and multivariate regression analysis. Total kidney volume and total cyst volume increased exponentially, a result consistent with an expansion process dependent on growth. The mean (+/-SD) total kidney volume was 1060+/-642 ml at baseline and increased by a mean of 204+/-246 ml (5.27+/-3.92 percent per year, P<0.001) over a three-year period among 214 patients. Total cyst volume increased by 218+/-263 ml (P<0.001) during the same period among 210 patients. The baseline total kidney volume predicted the subsequent rate of increase in volume, independently of age. A baseline total kidney volume above 1500 ml in 51 patients was associated with a declining glomerular filtration rate (by 4.33+/-8.07 ml per minute per year, P<0.001). Total kidney volume increased more in 135 patients with PKD1 mutations (by 245+/-268 ml) than in 28 patients with PKD2 mutations (by 136+/-100 ml, P=0.03). Kidney enlargement resulting from the expansion of cysts in patients with ADPKD is continuous and quantifiable and is associated with the decline of renal function. Higher rates of kidney enlargement are associated with a more rapid decrease in renal function. Copyright 2006 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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            Overt proteinuria and microalbuminuria in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

            Aaron Gabow, Colin Chapman, R Schrier … (1994)
            The amount of proteinuria is a prognostic indicator in a variety of glomerular disorders. To examine the importance of urinary protein excretion in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, this study determined the clinical characteristics of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients with established proteinuria and the frequency of microalbuminuria in hypertensive autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients without proteinuria. In 270 autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients, mean 24-h urinary protein excretion was 259 +/- 22 mg/day. Forty-eight of 270 autosomal dominant poly-cystic kidney disease patients had over proteinuria (> 300 mg/day). The patients with established proteinuria had higher mean arterial pressures, larger renal volumes, and lower creatinine clearances than did their nonproteinuric counterparts (all P < 0.0001), a greater pack year smoking history (P < 0.05), and the projection of a more aggressive course of renal disease (P < 0.05). All autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients with established proteinuria were hypertensive, as compared with 67% without established proteinuria (P < 0.001). Forty-nine patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy without established proteinuria were examined for microalbuminuria; 41% demonstrated microalbuminuria. Those with microalbuminuria had higher mean arterial pressure, larger renal volumes and increased filtration fraction. Therefore, established proteinuria and microalbuminuria in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients are associated with increased mean arterial pressure and more severe renal cystic involvement.
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              Bilateral polycystic disease of the kidneys; a follow-up of two hundred and eighty-four patients and their families.

              Jacob Z. Dalgaard (1956)
              Article 0 comments Cited 32 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Clin Kidney J
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Clin Kidney J
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ckj
                Journal ID (hwp): ndtplus
                Title: Clinical Kidney Journal
                Publisher: Oxford University Press
                ISSN (Print): 2048-8505
                ISSN (Electronic): 2048-8513
                Publication date (Print): December 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 11 November 2012
                Publication date PMC-release: 11 November 2012
                Volume: 5
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 508-511
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Nephrology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
                [2 ]Department of Nephrology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
                Author notes
                Correspondence and offprint requests to: Bianca Visciano; E-mail: bianca.visciano@ 123456alice.it
                Article
                Publisher ID: sfs147
                DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfs147
                PMC ID: 4400568
                SO-VID: dcbf4e86-78cf-402e-ad65-a198e19f2156
                Copyright © © The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

                History
                Date received : 2 May 2012
                Date accepted : 19 September 2012
                Categories
                Subject: Original Contributions
                Subject: Minireviews

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nephrology
                Keywords: autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease,glomerulonephritis,nephrotic syndrome,renal biopsy
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nephrology
                Keywords: autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, renal biopsy

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