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      Effects of 8-week core training on core endurance and running economy

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          Abstract

          The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 8-week core training on core endurance and running economy in college athletes. Twenty-one male college athletes were randomly divided into 2 groups: a control group (CON) (n = 10) and a core training group (CT) (n = 11). Both groups maintained their regular training, whereas CT attended 3 extra core training sessions per week for 8 weeks. The participants were assessed before and after the training program using sensory organization test (SOT), sport-specific endurance plank test (SEPT) and 4-stage treadmill incremental running test (TIRT). Compared with the pre-test, significant improvements were observed in post-test SOT (78.8 ± 4.8 vs. 85.3 ± 4.8, p = 0.012) and SEPT (193.5 ± 71.9 s vs. 241.5 ± 98.9 s, p = 0.001) performances only in CT. In the TIRT, the post-test heart rate values were lower than the pre-test values in CT in the first 3 stages. In stage 4, the post-test oxygen consumption (VO 2) was lower than that in pre-test in CT (VO 2: 52.4 ± 3.5 vs. 50.0 ± 2.9 ml/kg/min, p = 0.019). These results reveal that 8-week core training may improve static balance, core endurance, and running economy in college athletes.

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          The Role of Core Stability in Athletic Function

          Aaron Sciascia, Joel Press, W Kibler (2006)
          Article 0 comments Cited 99 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Relationship between core stability, functional movement, and performance.

            Kellie C. Huxel, Thomas W Nesser, TOMOKO OKADA (2010)
            The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between core stability, functional movement, and performance. Twenty-eight healthy individuals (age = 24.4 ± 3.9 yr, height = 168.8 ± 12.5 cm, mass = 70.2 ± 14.9 kg) performed several tests in 3 categories: core stability (flexion [FLEX], extension [EXT], right and left lateral [LATr/LATl]), functional movement screen (FMS) (deep squat [DS], trunk-stability push-up [PU], right and left hurdle step [HSr/HSl], in-line lunge [ILLr/ILLl], shoulder mobility [SMr/SMl], active straight leg raise [ASLRr/ASLRl], and rotary stability [RSr/RSl]), and performance tests (backward medicine ball throw [BOMB], T-run [TR], and single leg squat [SLS]). Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. There were significant correlations between SLS and FLEX (r = 0.500), LATr (r = 0.495), and LATl (r = 0.498). The TR correlated significantly with both LATr (r = 0.383) and LATl (r = 0.448). Of the FMS, BOMB was significantly correlated with HSr (r = 0.415), SMr (r = 0.388), PU (r = 0.407), and RSr (r = 0.391). The TR was significantly related with HSr (r = 0.518), ILLl (r = 0.462) and SMr (r = 0.392). The SLS only correlated significantly with SMr (r = 0.446). There were no significant correlations between core stability and FMS. Moderate to weak correlations identified suggest core stability and FMS are not strong predictors of performance. In addition, existent assessments do not satisfactorily confirm the importance of core stability on functional movement. Despite the emphasis fitness professionals have placed on functional movement and core training for increased performance, our results suggest otherwise. Although training for core and functional movement are important to include in a fitness program, especially for injury prevention, they should not be the primary emphasis of any training program.
            Article 0 comments Cited 78 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              The use of instability to train the core musculature.

              Frederick Behm, Eric Drinkwater, Gerard P Cowley … (2010)
              Training of the trunk or core muscles for enhanced health, rehabilitation, and athletic performance has received renewed emphasis. Instability resistance exercises have become a popular means of training the core and improving balance. Whether instability resistance training is as, more, or less effective than traditional ground-based resistance training is not fully resolved. The purpose of this review is to address the effectiveness of instability resistance training for athletic, nonathletic, and rehabilitation conditioning. The anatomical core is defined as the axial skeleton and all soft tissues with a proximal attachment on the axial skeleton. Spinal stability is an interaction of passive and active muscle and neural subsystems. Training programs must prepare athletes for a wide variety of postures and external forces, and should include exercises with a destabilizing component. While unstable devices have been shown to be effective in decreasing the incidence of low back pain and increasing the sensory efficiency of soft tissues, they are not recommended as the primary exercises for hypertrophy, absolute strength, or power, especially in trained athletes. For athletes, ground-based free-weight exercises with moderate levels of instability should form the foundation of exercises to train the core musculature. Instability resistance exercises can play an important role in periodization and rehabilitation, and as alternative exercises for the recreationally active individual with less interest or access to ground-based free-weight exercises. Based on the relatively high proportion of type I fibers, the core musculature might respond well to multiple sets with high repetitions (e.g., >15 per set); however, a particular sport may necessitate fewer repetitions.
              Article 0 comments Cited 74 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Kwong-Chung Hung: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – original draft
                Ho-Wa Chung: Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – original draft
                Clare Chung-Wah Yu:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0299-8591
                Role: Formal analysisRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Hong-Chung Lai: Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – original draft
                Feng-Hua Sun:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5251-4087
                Role: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Stephen E Alway: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 8 March 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0213158
                Affiliations
                [001]Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
                University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Graduate Health Sciences, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0299-8591
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5251-4087
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-18-13798
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213158
                PMC ID: 6407754
                PubMed ID: 30849105
                SO-VID: dd1ba13b-af0c-4782-8098-5f47b4965529
                Copyright © © 2019 Hung et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 8 May 2018
                Date accepted : 16 February 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 3, Pages: 12
                Funding
                Funded by: Faculty of Liberal Arts and Social Science (FLASS)
                Award ID: FLASS/LDG05/201516
                Award Recipient :
                This study was supported by the Faculty of Liberal Arts and Social Science (FLASS) learning development grant (ref.: FLASS/LDG05/201516) of the Education University of Hong Kong. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Biological Locomotion
                Subject: Running
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Biological Locomotion
                Subject: Running
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Public and Occupational Health
                Subject: Physical Activity
                Subject: Physical Fitness
                Subject: Exercise
                Subject: Strength Training
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Sports and Exercise Medicine
                Subject: Exercise
                Subject: Strength Training
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Sports Science
                Subject: Sports and Exercise Medicine
                Subject: Exercise
                Subject: Strength Training
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Body Limbs
                Subject: Legs
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Body Limbs
                Subject: Legs
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Body Limbs
                Subject: Arms
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Body Limbs
                Subject: Arms
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Spine
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Spine
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Head
                Subject: Eyes
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Head
                Subject: Eyes
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Ocular System
                Subject: Eyes
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Ocular System
                Subject: Eyes
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Muscles
                Subject: Abdominal Muscles
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Muscles
                Subject: Abdominal Muscles
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All relevant data are within the paper.

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