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      What is the intermediate host species of SARS-CoV-2?

      editorial
      Author(s): * , 1 , 1
      Publication date (Electronic, pub):
      Journal: Future Virology
      Publisher: Future Medicine Ltd
      Keywords: ACE2, bat, COVID-19, mutations, pangolin, SARS-COV-2

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          Dissecting the published evidence on the intermediate host species of SARS-CoV-2. An editorial review of the proximal origins of SARS-CoV-2, what may have been missed and why it matters.

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          A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin

          Peng Zhou, Xing-Lou Yang, Xian-Guang Wang … (2020)
          Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 18 years ago, a large number of SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) have been discovered in their natural reservoir host, bats 1–4 . Previous studies have shown that some bat SARSr-CoVs have the potential to infect humans 5–7 . Here we report the identification and characterization of a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which caused an epidemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans in Wuhan, China. The epidemic, which started on 12 December 2019, had caused 2,794 laboratory-confirmed infections including 80 deaths by 26 January 2020. Full-length genome sequences were obtained from five patients at an early stage of the outbreak. The sequences are almost identical and share 79.6% sequence identity to SARS-CoV. Furthermore, we show that 2019-nCoV is 96% identical at the whole-genome level to a bat coronavirus. Pairwise protein sequence analysis of seven conserved non-structural proteins domains show that this virus belongs to the species of SARSr-CoV. In addition, 2019-nCoV virus isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of a critically ill patient could be neutralized by sera from several patients. Notably, we confirmed that 2019-nCoV uses the same cell entry receptor—angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2)—as SARS-CoV.
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            Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation

            Daniel Wrapp, Nianshuang Wang, Kizzmekia S. Corbett … (2020)
            Structure of the nCoV trimeric spike The World Health Organization has declared the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) to be a public health emergency of international concern. The virus binds to host cells through its trimeric spike glycoprotein, making this protein a key target for potential therapies and diagnostics. Wrapp et al. determined a 3.5-angstrom-resolution structure of the 2019-nCoV trimeric spike protein by cryo–electron microscopy. Using biophysical assays, the authors show that this protein binds at least 10 times more tightly than the corresponding spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)–CoV to their common host cell receptor. They also tested three antibodies known to bind to the SARS-CoV spike protein but did not detect binding to the 2019-nCoV spike protein. These studies provide valuable information to guide the development of medical counter-measures for 2019-nCoV. Science, this issue p. 1260
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              Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: an Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus

              Yushun Wan, Jian Shang, Rachel Graham … (2020)
              The recent emergence of Wuhan coronavirus (2019-nCoV) puts the world on alert. 2019-nCoV is reminiscent of the SARS-CoV outbreak in 2002 to 2003. Our decade-long structural studies on the receptor recognition by SARS-CoV have identified key interactions between SARS-CoV spike protein and its host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which regulate both the cross-species and human-to-human transmissions of SARS-CoV. One of the goals of SARS-CoV research was to build an atomic-level iterative framework of virus-receptor interactions to facilitate epidemic surveillance, predict species-specific receptor usage, and identify potential animal hosts and animal models of viruses. Based on the sequence of 2019-nCoV spike protein, we apply this predictive framework to provide novel insights into the receptor usage and likely host range of 2019-nCoV. This study provides a robust test of this reiterative framework, providing the basic, translational, and public health research communities with predictive insights that may help study and battle this novel 2019-nCoV.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Future Virol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Future Virol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): FVL
                Title: Future Virology
                Publisher: Future Medicine Ltd (London, UK )
                ISSN (Print): 1746-0794
                ISSN (Electronic): 1746-0808
                Publication date (Electronic, pub): 04 February 2021
                Publication date (Print, pub): March 2021
                Publication date PMC-release: 04 February 2021
                Electronic Location Identifier: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0390
                Affiliations
                1Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK
                Author notes
                [* ]Author for correspondence: tcf2111@ 123456columbia.edu
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1718-1672
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1117-6947
                Article
                DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0390
                PMC ID: 7860928
                SO-VID: dd2b6d67-aec3-40af-aee6-3437bc84f57c
                Copyright © © 2021 Thomas Friend & Justin Stebbing
                License:

                This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License

                History
                Date received : 24 November 2020
                Date accepted : 27 January 2021
                Date: 04 February 2021
                Page count
                Pages: 4
                Categories
                Subject: Editorial

                Keywords: ace2,bat,covid-19,mutations,pangolin,sars-cov-2
                Data availability:
                Keywords: ace2, bat, covid-19, mutations, pangolin, sars-cov-2

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