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      Deviant Dynamics of Resting State Electroencephalogram Microstate in Patients With Subjective Tinnitus

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          Abstract

          Given the importance of central reorganization and tinnitus, we undertook the current study to investigate changes to electroencephalogram (EEG) microstates and their association with the clinical symptoms in tinnitus. High-density (128 channel) EEG was used to explore changes in microstate features in 15 subjects with subjective tinnitus and 17 age-matched controls. Correlations between microstate parameters and subjective tinnitus symptoms were also analyzed. An increased presence of class A microstate and decreased presence of class D microstate were found in coverage and lifespan of microstate parameters in the tinnitus patients. Syntax analysis also demonstrated an aberrant pattern of activity, with reduced transitions from class D to class B in tinnitus patients. Moreover, a significant positive correlation of tinnitus loudness with increased lifespan of microstate class C was found. Significant differences in temporal characteristics and syntax of the EEG microstate classes were found at rest between tinnitus patients and the healthy subjects. Our study indicates that EEG microstates may provide a possible valuable method to study large-scale brain networks, which may in turn be beneficial to investigation of the neurophysiological mechanisms behind tinnitus.

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          Most cited references39

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          Phantom auditory perception (tinnitus): mechanisms of generation and perception.

          Phantom auditory perception--tinnitus--is a symptom of many pathologies. Although there are a number of theories postulating certain mechanisms of its generation, none have been proven yet. This paper analyses the phenomenon of tinnitus from the point of view of general neurophysiology. Existing theories and their extrapolation are presented, together with some new potential mechanisms of tinnitus generation, encompassing the involvement of calcium and calcium channels in cochlear function, with implications for malfunction and aging of the auditory and vestibular systems. It is hypothesized that most tinnitus results from the perception of abnormal activity, defined as activity which cannot be induced by any combination of external sounds. Moreover, it is hypothesized that signal recognition and classification circuits, working on holographic or neuronal network-like representation, are involved in the perception of tinnitus and are subject to plastic modification. Furthermore, it is proposed that all levels of the nervous system, to varying degrees, are involved in tinnitus manifestation. These concepts are used to unravel the inexplicable, unique features of tinnitus and its masking. Some clinical implications of these theories are suggested.
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            Development of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory

            To develop a self-report tinnitus handicap measure that is brief, easy to administer and interpret, broad in scope, and psychometrically robust.
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              Tinnitus with a normal audiogram: physiological evidence for hidden hearing loss and computational model.

              Ever since Pliny the Elder coined the term tinnitus, the perception of sound in the absence of an external sound source has remained enigmatic. Traditional theories assume that tinnitus is triggered by cochlear damage, but many tinnitus patients present with a normal audiogram, i.e., with no direct signs of cochlear damage. Here, we report that in human subjects with tinnitus and a normal audiogram, auditory brainstem responses show a significantly reduced amplitude of the wave I potential (generated by primary auditory nerve fibers) but normal amplitudes of the more centrally generated wave V. This provides direct physiological evidence of "hidden hearing loss" that manifests as reduced neural output from the cochlea, and consequent renormalization of neuronal response magnitude within the brainstem. Employing an established computational model, we demonstrate how tinnitus could arise from a homeostatic response of neurons in the central auditory system to reduced auditory nerve input in the absence of elevated hearing thresholds.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Behav Neurosci
                Front Behav Neurosci
                Front. Behav. Neurosci.
                Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1662-5153
                22 June 2018
                2018
                : 12
                : 122
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, China
                [2] 2Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, China
                [3] 3College of Mathematics and Informatics, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, China
                [4] 4School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, China
                [5] 5Department of Speech Language Therapy and Hearing Science, Cardiff Metropolitan University , Cardiff, United Kingdom
                [6] 6Department of Hearing and Speech Science, Xinhua College, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Antonella Gasbarri, University of L’Aquila, Italy

                Reviewed by: Ali Yadollahpour, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Bernhard Schaller, Universität Zürich, Switzerland

                *Correspondence: Yiqing Zheng, yiqingzheng@ 123456hotmail.com

                These authors have contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00122
                6024160
                29988458
                dd4aab6b-1489-4aed-939d-64891e4eee8d
                Copyright © 2018 Cai, Huang, Chen, Yang, Wang, Zhao, Liu, Sun, Chen, Chen, Xiong and Zheng.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 21 February 2018
                : 04 June 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 50, Pages: 9, Words: 0
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China 10.13039/501100001809
                Award ID: 81600808
                Award ID: 81570935
                Funded by: Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province 10.13039/501100003453
                Award ID: 2016A030313318
                Award ID: 2015A030310134
                Categories
                Neuroscience
                Original Research

                Neurosciences
                eeg,microstate,dynamics,tinnitus,mechanism
                Neurosciences
                eeg, microstate, dynamics, tinnitus, mechanism

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