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      Autism Spectrum Disorders in Gender Dysphoric Children and Adolescents

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          Abstract

          Only case reports have described the co-occurrence of gender identity disorder (GID) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This study examined this co-occurrence using a systematic approach. Children and adolescents (115 boys and 89 girls, mean age 10.8, SD = 3.58) referred to a gender identity clinic received a standardized assessment during which a GID diagnosis was made and ASD suspected cases were identified. The Dutch version of the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (10th rev., DISCO-10) was administered to ascertain ASD classifications. The incidence of ASD in this sample of children and adolescents was 7.8% ( n = 16). Clinicians should be aware of co-occurring ASD and GID and the challenges it generates in clinical management.

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          The Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders: background, inter-rater reliability and clinical use

          Lorna Wing, Susan R Leekam, Sarah J. Libby … (2002)
          Article 0 comments Cited 142 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Gender dysphoria and gender change in chromosomal females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

            Stenvert Drop, Arianne Dessens, Froukje M E Slijper (2005)
            This article reviews the literature on studies and case reports on gender identity and gender identity problems, gender dysphoria, and gender change in chromosomal females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, raised male or female. The large majority (94.8%) of the patients raised female (N= 250) later developed a gender identity as girls and women and did not feel gender dysphoric. But 13 (5.2%) patients had serious problems with their gender identity. This percentage is higher than the prevalence of female-to-male transsexuals in the general population of chromosomal females. Among patients raised male, serious gender identity problems were reported in 4 (12.1%) out of 33 patients. From these observations, we conclude that the assignment to the female gender as a general policy for 46,XX patients with CAH appears justified, even in severely masculinized 46,XX newborns with CAH (Prader stage IV or V).
            Article 0 comments Cited 82 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Epidemiology of autistic disorder and other pervasive developmental disorders.

              Eric Fombonne (2004)
              Is the incidence of autistic disorder and other pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) increasing? Recent epidemiological surveys of autistic disorder and other PDDs have heightened awareness of and concern about the prevalence of these disorders; however, differences in survey methodology, particularly changes in case definition and case identification over time, have made comparisons between surveys difficult to perform and interpret. Recent surveys suggest that the rate of all PDDs is about 60 per 10,000. The prevalence of autism today is estimated at 13 per 10,000, Asperger's disorder is approximately 3 per 10,000, and childhood disintegrative disorder is very rare at about 0.2 per 10,000. The assessment process, sample size, publication year, and geographic location of studies all have an effect on prevalence estimates. In addition, data from many of these surveys indicate correlates of autistic disorder and other PDDs with IQ, gender, and other medical disorders.
              Article 0 comments Cited 69 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : +31-44086 , alc.devries@vumc.nl
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Autism Dev Disord
                Title: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
                Publisher: Springer US (Boston )
                ISSN (Print): 0162-3257
                ISSN (Electronic): 1573-3432
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 January 2010
                Publication date PMC-release: 22 January 2010
                Publication date (Print): August 2010
                Volume: 40
                Issue: 8
                Pages: 930-936
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
                [2 ]Child Welfare and Disabilities, Department of Educational Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
                [3 ]Department of Medical Psychology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
                [4 ]Department of Educational Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
                Article
                Publisher ID: 935
                DOI: 10.1007/s10803-010-0935-9
                PMC ID: 2904453
                PubMed ID: 20094764
                SO-VID: dd595dd0-7aeb-4a05-b4e3-408ba640f47b
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2010
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Original Paper
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology
                Keywords: incidence,autism spectrum disorder,gender identity disorder,co-occurrence
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology
                Keywords: incidence, autism spectrum disorder, gender identity disorder, co-occurrence

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