Angiotensin II Blockade Augments Renal Cortical Microvascular pO ₂ Indicating a Novel, Potentially Renoprotective Action

Abstract

Background: The existence of tubulointerstitial damage in most cases of progressive human glomerular disease suggests that this compartment of the kidney is likely to be targeted by renoprotective agents which slow the progression of disease. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have become the cornerstone of renal protection. Since we have proposed that perturbation of the interstitial capillary circulation with consequent chronic hypoxia could be critical to the progressive nature of many renal diseases, we developed a dynamic method of measuring renal cortical pO₂ and sought to determine whether agents which block the renal effects of angiotensin II (AII) could affect interstitial microvascular oxygenation in the normal rat kidney. Methods: Instrumented, anaesthetised adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. Cortical microvascular pO₂was measured on the surface of the exposed kidney using protoporphyrin phosphorescence. Blood pressure and renal artery blood flow (Doppler flowmetry) were measured concurrently over a 180-min experimental period. Animals received non-hypotensive doses of enalaprilat (100 µg/kg i.v.) or candesartan (40 µg/kg i.v.) either at the beginning of the experimental period or after an initial decline in cortical microvascular pO₂. Results: After a 30-min stabilisation period there was a slow decline in pO₂from 48.6 ± 4.1 to 38.5 ± 6.9 mm Hg in control animals over the 180-min experimental period. Administration of the ACE inhibitor, enalaprilat at the beginning of the experimental period, completely abrogated this decline and protected pO₂ levels throughout this period with no effect on blood pressure or renal blood flow. In separate experiments, administration of enalaprilat after microvascular pO₂ had fallen by 5 mm Hg, resulted in a rise in RBF and pO₂within 15 min with pO₂ remaining elevated for up to 60 min post-injection. The angiotensin II AT₁ receptor antagonist, candesartan, had a similar effect to enalaprilat, inducing a rapid and sustained elevation in cortical pO₂. Conclusions: These studies indicate that blockade of AII raises pO₂in the interstitial microvascular compartment of the normal rat kidney. This effect may contribute to the renoprotective action of ACE inhibitors and AII receptor antagonists in slowing the progression of chronic renal diseases.