Accelerator physics and technology challenges of very high energy hadron colliders

A critical review is given of the current status of cosmological nucleosynthesis. In the framework of the Standard Model with 3 types of relativistic neutrinos, the baryon-to-photon ratio, \(\eta\), corresponding to the inferred primordial abundances of deuterium and helium-4 is consistent with the independent determination of \(\eta\) from observations of anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background. However the primordial abundance of lithium-7 inferred from observations is significantly below its expected value. Taking systematic uncertainties in the abundance estimates into account, there is overall concordance in the range \(\eta = (5.7-6.7)\times 10^{-10}\) at 95% CL (corresponding to a cosmological baryon density \(\Omega_B h^2 = 0.021 - 0.025\)). The D and He-4 abundances, when combined with the CMB determination of \(\eta\), provide the bound \(N_\nu=3.28 \pm 0.28\) on the effective number of neutrino species. Other constraints on new physics are discussed briefly.