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      Los movimientos activistas del VIH / sida en el cine Translated title: HIV/AIDS activist movements in movies

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción y objetivos: A principios de 1980 la irrupción del VIH / sida generó miedos, discriminación y estigmatización hacia personas y colectivos afectados. Como respuesta, aparecieron movimientos activistas para defender los derechos de las personas con VIH / sida y promover la introducción de tratamientos efectivos y accesibles. Material y métodos: Tras más de tres décadas de epidemia, se han filmado varias películas sobre dichos movimientos. Sin embargo, son escasos los estudios que analicen el valor de la participación ciudadana en la lucha del VIH / sida dentro del cine. El objetivo del artículo es describir y analizar las películas más representativas de este fenómeno. Resultados: Se analizan How to survive a plague, Larry Kramer In Love and Anger, The Normal Heart, 120 battements par minute y Dallas Buyers Club >y se discuten con otras relacionadas. Estas películas nos muestran la fuerza de los movimientos activistas para promover la implicación de los gobiernos, las farmacéuticas y los profesionales en la lucha del VIH / sida. Conclusiones: Por ello, se proponen unos objetivos para su debate en entornos docentes de las ciencias sociales y de la salud, para continuar apoyando el compromiso y las estrategias de la sociedad civil en los avances de la investigación, los autocuidados y los tratamientos del VIH / sida.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: Early 80´s the emergence of VIH generated popular fear coupled with discrimination and stigmatization for patients. In this context, HIV / AIDS activist movements emerged to establish and protect patients´ rights and foster the development of effective and affordable treatments. Material and methods: While three decades of related movie production depicts and described in length the role activists' movements, academic research has been slow in addressing this question. More specifically, the role of citizen participation in the fight against HIV / AIDS through filmmaking is unknown. Results: This article covers this gap by analysing the following movies about HIV / AIDS activist movements: How to survive a plague, Larry Kramer In Love and Anger, The Normal Heart, 120 battements par minute y Dallas Buyers Club. Conclusions: These movies show the struggle of Activist movements in encouraging national governments, pharmaceutical companies, and HIV / AIDS workers to fight against HIV / AIDS. We conclude by suggesting objectives to foster current debates about HIV / AIDS in medical and social sciences, more specifically the strategy of civil society to advance research, self-care, and HIV / AIDS treatments.

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          Are peer interventions for HIV efficacious? A systematic review.

          Behavioral interventions to prevent HIV or assist HIV-positive persons often incorporate peers, yet empirical support for their efficacy is only recently accumulating. We describe the results of a review of the global literature, identifying 117 studies evaluating the efficacy of peer-based interventions in the area of HIV/AIDS. About half were conducted in the developing world and half in Western nations. Across a range of populations and intervention modalities, the majority of studies provided some support for peer interventions according to outcome indicators in the domains of sexual risk behavior, attitudes and cognitions, HIV knowledge, and substance use. However, outcomes assessed using biomarkers and other non-self-report variables were less likely to indicate intervention efficacy. Overall, findings suggest that we can have some confidence in peer interventions, yet more data are needed demonstrating an effect in the most rigorous study designs and with outcomes that are not potentially affected by respondent bias.
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            The effect of HIV educational interventions on HIV-related knowledge, condom use, and HIV incidence in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

            Background As high stigmatization of HIV and relatively low knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention measures persist in Sub-Saharan Africa, the improvement of HIV-related knowledge, and the evaluation of which types of interventions are most effective in this regard, is an important aspect of further prevention efforts. In addition, it is of interest to assess whether improvements in HIV-related knowledge may actually lead to increased engagement in preventive behaviours and ultimately lower HIV transmission. This study therefore aims to systematically review and meta-analyse the evidence for the effect of HIV-related knowledge interventions on 1) the improvement of HIV-related knowledge, 2) subsequent risk reduction behaviour (condom use), 3) lower incidence of HIV infection. Methods A literature search was conducted using the Embase and Medline databases, returning 746 after duplicate removal. Following abstract and full-text screening, 36 studies were ultimately included in the final review. Meta-analyses were conducted in R, using random-effects models, for the HIV-related knowledge, condom use, and HIV incidence outcomes, where sufficient data were available. Results Interventions assessed in the reviewed studies varied, including computer-based interventions, mass media campaigns, and peer education interventions. The interventions were generally found to be effective at improving HIV-related knowledge in the target population, with 10 studies reporting improved knowledge of risk reduction through condom use in the intervention group (out of 11 studies reporting data for this outcome), with 6 reporting these differences as significant (p < 0.05). Regarding knowledge of transmission routes, studies assessing peer education interventions often reported significant improvements in the intervention group. Meta-analysis results showed significantly higher odds among the intervention groups of correct knowledge of: risk reduction through condom use (OR: 3.09, 95%CI: 1.83–5.22, p < 0.0001), sexual transmission of HIV (OR: 5.86, 95%CI: 2.65–12.97, p < 0.001) and transmission through sharps (OR: 4.35, 95%CI = 3.21–5.90, p < 0.001), but non-significantly lower odds of HIV infection (OR: 0.97, 95%CI: 0.66–1.41, p = 0.854). Conclusion Peer-education-based interventions appear to be particularly effective in facilitating the uptake of HIV-related knowledge, particularly pertaining to transmission routes. There is some evidence that improved knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention facilitates increased subsequent engagement in preventive measures, although this requires further exploration. Trial registration PROSPERO Number: CRD42018090600 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-6178-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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              Only your calamity: the beginnings of activism by and for people with AIDS.

              The invention of AIDS activism came soon after the AIDS epidemic emerged in gay communities in the United States in the early 1980s. AIDS activism by and for people with AIDS, distinct from gay activism responding to the threat of AIDS on the behalf of the whole community, started as a way of resisting the phenomenon of social death. Social death, in which people are considered "as good as dead" and denied roles in community life, posed a unique threat to people with AIDS. An organized political response to AIDS began among gay men with AIDS in San Francisco, California, and New York, New York, formalized in a foundational document later called the Denver Principles. The ideas and language of these first people with AIDS influenced later AIDS activism movements. They also help to illustrate the importance of considering an epidemic from the point of view of people with the disease.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rmc
                Revista de Medicina y Cine
                Rev Med Cine
                Universidad de Salamanca (Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain )
                1885-5210
                June 2020
                : 16
                : 2
                : 119-133
                Affiliations
                [3] Barcelona orgnameParc de Salut Mar orgdiv1Servei de Metodologia, Qualitat i Recerca Infermera España
                [2] orgnameUniversitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya orgdiv1Facultat de Ciències de la Salut de Manresa España
                [1] Barcelona Cataluña orgnameUniversitat Pompeu Fabra orgdiv1Escola Superior d'Infermeria del Mar orgdiv2Grupo Enfermero de Investigación y Cuidados en VIH (GRENFIC-VIH) Spain
                Article
                S1885-52102020000200006 S1885-5210(20)01600200006
                10.14201/rmc2020162111121
                ddc7e6e8-fa84-4a32-81d2-b3d194e04c4c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 29 July 2019
                : 14 September 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 14, Pages: 15
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Originales

                estigma social,investigación cualitativa,activismo político,teaching,political activism,social stigma,sida,qualitative research,AIDS,docencia

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