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      Marine fungoid producers of DHA, EPA and carotenoids from central and southern Chilean marine ecosystems Translated title: Fungoides marinos productores de DHA, EPA y carotenoides provenientes del ecosistema marino de Chile central y sur-austral

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          Abstract

          Declining fishing yields have pushed the search for sustainable alternative sources for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Thraustochytrids and marine yeasts (marine fungoid protists) are potential commercial sources of lipids and carotenoids. It was determined the capacity of a collection of 41 strains of marine fungoid isolated in the Humboldt Current System, to produce DHA (docosahexanoic acid), EPA (eicosapentanoic acid) and CT (total carotenoids) in commercial growing media (MS) and alternative growing mediums (PDB, GAM, BAM and MCM). The media MS and PDB exhibited the highest growth rate (0.02 h-1), at 16 and 37°C, respectively. Thirteen of the studied strains showed high capacity to produce DHA (up to 23% dry weight) and CT (up to 18% dry weight), comparable to levels observed in Schizochytrium sp. KH105 and Rhodosporidium toruloides. Additionally, all studied strains produce small amounts of EPA (up to 0.3% of dry weight). Scanning electron microscopy reveals that strain C36 is morphologically consistent with yeasts, while partial sequencing of the 18s ribosomal gene shows 97% similarity to the genus Rhodotorula, which has not been reported until now as a producer of DHA and EPA. Finally, the strains C36, C22 and C4 offer promising potential for upscaling their production for commercial use for enriching human food and animal and larval fish feed with omega-3 and carotenoids, as well as being a source for food dyes for salmon and other products.

          Translated abstract

          La creciente demanda de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGPI) provocada por la escasez de pesca extractiva, ha impulsado la obtención de fuentes alternativas sustentables para abastecer su mercado. Los Thraustochytridos y levaduras marinas (fungoides marinos), son potenciales productores de lípidos y carotenoides de importancia comercial. Desde una colección de 41 cepas de fungoides marinos aisladas en el Sistema de Corriente de Humboldt, se determinó la capacidad de producir DHA (ácido docosahexanoico), EPA (ácido eicosapentanoico) y CT (carotenoides totales) en cultivos líquidos comercial (MS) y alternativos (PDB, GAM, BAM y MCM). Los resultados indican que el medio MS y PDB, presentaron las mayores velocidades de crecimiento (0,02 h-1). No obstante, el medio MS presenta estos parámetros cinéticos a 16ºC y el PDB a 37°C. Trece de las cepas analizadas presentaron una alta capacidad para producir DHA (hasta 23% peso seco) y CT (hasta 18% peso seco), comparables a los niveles observados en Schizochytrium sp. KH105 y Rhodosporidium toruloides. Adicionalmente, todas las cepas ensayadas también produjeron pequeñas cantidades de EPA (hasta 0,3% peso seco). La microscopia electrónica revela que la cepa C36 es morfológicamente consistente con levaduras y su secuencia parcial del gen ribosomal 18s presenta un 97% de similitud con el género Rhodotorula, el que hasta ahora no ha sido reportado como productor de DHA y EPA. Finalmente, las cepas C36, C22 y C4 son interesantes objetos de estudio para escalar su producción y proyectar su uso comercial, como por ejemplo para suplementar en omega-3 y carotenoides alimentos para consumo humano, animales de corral o para estadios larvales de peces cultivados y pigmentar la carne del salmón, entre otros.

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          Most cited references47

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          MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0.

          We announce the release of an advanced version of the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software, which currently contains facilities for building sequence alignments, inferring phylogenetic histories, and conducting molecular evolutionary analysis. In version 6.0, MEGA now enables the inference of timetrees, as it implements the RelTime method for estimating divergence times for all branching points in a phylogeny. A new Timetree Wizard in MEGA6 facilitates this timetree inference by providing a graphical user interface (GUI) to specify the phylogeny and calibration constraints step-by-step. This version also contains enhanced algorithms to search for the optimal trees under evolutionary criteria and implements a more advanced memory management that can double the size of sequence data sets to which MEGA can be applied. Both GUI and command-line versions of MEGA6 can be downloaded from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
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            Effects of biomass hydrolysis by-products on oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides.

            Lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis inevitably coproduces byproducts that may have various affects on downstream biotransformation. It is imperative to document the inhibitor tolerance ability of microbial strain in order to utilize biomass hydrolysate more effectively. To achieve better lipid production by Rhodosporidium toruloides Y4, we performed fermentation experiments in the presence of some representative inhibitors. We found that acetate, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and syringaldehyde had slightly inhibitory effects; p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and vanillin were toxic at a concentration over 10 mM; and furfural and its derivatives furfuryl alcohol and furoic acid inhibited cell growth by 45% at around 1 mM. We further demonstrated that inhibition is generally additive, although strong synergistic inhibitions were also observed. Finally, lipid production afforded good results in the presence of six inhibitors at their respective concentrations usually found in biomass hydrolysates. Fatty acid compositional profile of lipid samples indicated that those inhibitors had little effects on lipid biosynthesis. Our work will be useful for optimization of biomass hydrolysis processes and lipid production using lignocellulosic materials.
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              Replacement of fish oil with thraustochytrid Schizochytrium sp. L oil in Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar L) diets.

              Replacing fish oil with that from a docosahexaenoic acid (22:6omega3, DHA) rich single cell micro-organism, thraustochytrid Schizochytrium sp. L, in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was investigated. Four experimental diets containing 100% thraustochytrid oil (TO), 100% palm oil (PO) and a 4:1 palm and thraustochytrid oil mixture (MX) were compared to a fish oil (FO) diet over 9 weeks. A saltwater transfer challenge occurred at the end of the trial for 14 days to test the diet treatments on the ability of salmon to smolt. There were no significant differences in the feed consumption of the diets or the digestibility of the omega3 or omega6 PUFA, indicating no differences in the digestibility of fatty acids between diets. No significant differences were noted between the growth of fish on the four diet treatments. Significant differences were noted in the fatty acid profiles of the fish muscle tissues between all diets. Fish on the TO diet had a significantly greater percentage of DHA in muscle tissue compared with fish on all other diets. Blood osmolarity, which is inversely related to the ability of salmon to smolt, from the TO and FO fed fish was significantly lower than that of fish on the PO diet. This study showed that thraustochytrid oil can be used to replace fish oil in Atlantic salmon diets without detriment to the growth of parr. Including thraustochytrid oil in fish diets significantly increases the amount of DHA in Atlantic salmon muscle and therefore is a candidate for use in oil blends for salmon diets. Thraustochytrid oil provides a renewable source of essential fatty acids, in particular DHA, for aquafeeds.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                revbiolmar
                Revista de biología marina y oceanografía
                Rev. biol. mar. oceanogr.
                Universidad de Valparaíso. Facultad de Ciencias del Mar
                0718-1957
                December 2015
                : 50
                : 3
                : 507-520
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad de Concepción Chile
                [2 ] Universidad de Concepción Chile
                [3 ] Universidad de Concepción Chile
                Article
                S0718-19572015000400009
                ddcf9000-b735-462e-bcaa-c115f8d3a57b

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Chile

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0718-1957&lng=en
                Categories
                MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY
                OCEANOGRAPHY

                Oceanography & Hydrology,Ecology
                Marine fungoid protist,DHA,EPA,total carotenoids,Rhodotorula,kinetic parameters,Fungoides marinos,carotenoides totales,parámetros cinéticos

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