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      Spatiotemporal Facility‐Level Patterns of Summer Heat Exposure, Vulnerability, and Risk in United States Prison Landscapes

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          Abstract

          Heat is associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality. People who are incarcerated are especially vulnerable to heat exposure due to demographic characteristics and their conditions of confinement. Evaluating heat exposure in prisons, and the characteristics of exposed populations and prisons, can elucidate prison‐level risk to heat exposure. We leveraged a high‐resolution air temperature data set to evaluate short and long‐term patterns of heat metrics for 1,614 prisons in the United States from 1990 to 2023. We found that the most heat‐exposed facilities and states were mostly in the Southwestern United States, while the prisons with the highest temperature anomalies from the historical record were in the Pacific Northwest, the Northeast, Texas, and parts of the Midwest. Prisons in the Pacific Northwest, the Northeast, and upper Midwest had the highest occurrences of days associated with an increased risk of heat‐related mortality. We also estimated differences in heat exposure at prisons by facility and individual‐level characteristics. We found higher proportions of non‐white and Hispanic populations in the prisons with higher heat exposure. Lastly, we found that heat exposure was higher in prisons with any of nine facility‐level characteristics that may modify risk to heat. This study brings together distinct measures of exposure, vulnerability, and risk, which would each inform unique strategies for heat‐interventions. Community leaders and policymakers should carefully consider which measures they want to apply, and include the voices of directly impacted people, as the differing metrics and perspectives will have implications for who is included in fights for environmental justice.

          Key Points

          • Prisons, incarcerated populations, and staff are exposed to heat and changing climates as measured through a variety of metrics

          • Higher temperatures are found in prison landscapes that have characteristics that can modify exposure or vulnerability, increasing overall risk

          • Distinct measures of exposure, vulnerability, and risk, can each inform unique strategies for heat‐interventions in US prisons

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          Most cited references69

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          Neighborhood microclimates and vulnerability to heat stress.

          Human exposure to excessively warm weather, especially in cities, is an increasingly important public health problem. This study examined heat-related health inequalities within one city in order to understand the relationships between the microclimates of urban neighborhoods, population characteristics, thermal environments that regulate microclimates, and the resources people possess to cope with climatic conditions. A simulation model was used to estimate an outdoor human thermal comfort index (HTCI) as a function of local climate variables collected in 8 diverse city neighborhoods during the summer of 2003 in Phoenix, USA. HTCI is an indicator of heat stress, a condition that can cause illness and death. There were statistically significant differences in temperatures and HTCI between the neighborhoods during the entire summer, which increased during a heat wave period. Lower socioeconomic and ethnic minority groups were more likely to live in warmer neighborhoods with greater exposure to heat stress. High settlement density, sparse vegetation, and having no open space in the neighborhood were significantly correlated with higher temperatures and HTCI. People in warmer neighborhoods were more vulnerable to heat exposure because they had fewer social and material resources to cope with extreme heat. Urban heat island reduction policies should specifically target vulnerable residential areas and take into account equitable distribution and preservation of environmental resources.
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            Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California

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              Heat stress in older individuals and patients with common chronic diseases.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                ufuoma@mit.edu
                Journal
                Geohealth
                Geohealth
                10.1002/(ISSN)2471-1403
                GH2
                GeoHealth
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                2471-1403
                24 September 2024
                September 2024
                : 8
                : 9 ( doiID: 10.1002/gh2.v8.9 )
                : e2024GH001108
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA USA
                [ 2 ] Department of Computer Science Grinnell College Grinnell IA USA
                [ 3 ] Brown Institute for Media Innovation Columbia University New York NY USA
                [ 4 ] Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA USA
                [ 5 ] Space Enabled Research Group Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA USA
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence to:

                U. Ovienmhada,

                ufuoma@ 123456mit.edu

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6779-1749
                https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3513-4901
                Article
                GH2569 2024GH001108
                10.1029/2024GH001108
                11421043
                39318424
                dddfba8b-3e0f-45f3-bd36-89607fe517b3
                © 2024 The Author(s). GeoHealth published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Geophysical Union.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 14 August 2024
                : 10 May 2024
                : 19 August 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 2, Pages: 15, Words: 8839
                Funding
                Funded by: National Aeronautics and Space Administration , doi 10.13039/100000104;
                Award ID: 80NSSC22K1673
                Funded by: MIT's Institute for Data Systems and Society's Initiative on Combating Systemic Racism
                Categories
                Geospatial Data Applications for Environmental Justice
                Geospatial Data Applications for Environmental Justice
                Geohealth
                Impacts of Climate Change: Human Health,
                Atmospheric Composition and Structure
                Air/Sea Constituent Fluxes
                Volcanic Effects
                Biogeosciences
                Climate Dynamics
                Modeling
                Computational Geophysics
                Modeling
                Numerical Solutions
                Cryosphere
                Avalanches
                Mass Balance
                Modeling
                Geodesy and Gravity
                Mass Balance
                Ocean Monitoring with Geodetic Techniques
                Ocean/Earth/atmosphere/hydrosphere/cryosphere interactions
                Global Change from Geodesy
                Global Change
                Abrupt/Rapid Climate Change
                Climate Variability
                Climate Dynamics
                Earth System Modeling
                Impacts of Global Change
                Land/Atmosphere Interactions
                Oceans
                Regional Climate Change
                Sea Level Change
                Solid Earth
                Water Cycles
                Hydrology
                Climate Impacts
                Hydrological Cycles and Budgets
                Land/Atmosphere Interactions
                Modeling
                Informatics
                GIS science
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                Modeling
                Marine Geology and Geophysics
                Gravity and Isostasy
                Atmospheric Processes
                Climate Change and Variability
                Climatology
                General Circulation
                Land/Atmosphere Interactions
                Ocean/Atmosphere Interactions
                Regional Modeling
                Theoretical Modeling
                Oceanography: General
                Climate and Interannual Variability
                Numerical Modeling
                Natural Hazards
                Exposure
                Risk
                Vulnerability
                Natural Hazards
                Atmospheric
                Geological
                Oceanic
                Physical Modeling
                Climate Impact
                Disaster Risk Analysis and Assessment
                Oceanography: Physical
                Air/Sea Interactions
                Decadal Ocean Variability
                General Circulation
                Ocean influence of Earth rotation
                Sea Level: Variations and Mean
                Surface Waves and Tides
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                Paleoceanography
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                Radio Science
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                Research Article
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                Custom metadata
                2.0
                September 2024
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.4.8 mode:remove_FC converted:24.09.2024

                carceral ecology,geospatial data,toxic prisons,environmental justice,extreme heat,heat risk

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