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      The influence of epidural anesthesia on the electrical activity of heart atria

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          High thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) causes blockade of sympathetic fibers involved in innervation of the heart (segments T1-T4), which results in changes of cardiac electrophysiology. The anti-arrhythmic effects of TEA on supraventricular arrhythmias, mainly atrial fibrillation, are controversial.

          The aim of the study

          The aim of the study was to assess the influence of epidural anesthesia on the electrical function of heart atria, including proven markers of increased risk of perioperative atrial fibrillation, such as P wave dispersion and P wave maximum duration.

          Material and methods

          The study involved 50 male patients, without a history of previous heart diseases, scheduled for elective surgical procedures. Patients received thoracic epidural anesthesia (group T, n = 25) or lumbar epidural anesthesia (group L, n = 25). The measurements were obtained from a continuous recording of ECG before epidural anesthesia and after the detection of blockade (T1 or T8 segment sensory block in groups T and L, respectively).

          Results

          The statistical analysis of electrocardiographic parameters, including the maximum, minimum and mean P wave duration; P wave dispersion; the maximum, minimum and mean PR interval duration; and PR interval dispersion, did not show any inter- or intragroup differences at selected time points.

          Conclusions

          Regardless of its location, epidural anesthesia and sympathetic blockade associated with this procedure do not significantly affect the electrical functions of the cardiac atria reflected in superficial ECG, including the electrocardiographic parameters that are considered to be markers of increased risk of perioperative atrial fibrillation, such as P wave dispersion and its maximum duration.

          Translated abstract

          Wstęp

          Znieczulenie zewnątrzoponowe w odcinku piersiowym powoduje blokadę włókien współczulnych odpowiedzialnych za unerwienie serca (poziom Th1-Th4), co skutkuje zmianami jego elektrofizjologii. Antyarytmiczny efekt znieczulenia zewnątrz-oponowego w odniesieniu do nadkomorowych zaburzeń rytmu serca, głównie migotania przedsionków, jest niepewny.

          Cel pracy

          Ocena wpływu znieczulenia zewnątrzoponowego na funkcję elektryczną przedsionków serca, w tym na udowodnione markery ryzyka wystąpienia okołooperacyjnego migotania przedsionków, takie jak dyspersja załamka P oraz jego maksymalny czas trwania.

          Materiał i metody

          W badaniu wzięło udział 50 nieobciążonych chorobami układu sercowo-naczyniowego mężczyzn, poddanych zabiegom chirurgicznym w trybie elektywnym. Wykonywano znieczulenie zewnątrzoponowe w odcinku piersiowym (grupa T, n = 25) lub lędźwiowym (grupa L, n = 25). Pomiarów dokonywano za pomocą zestawu do ciągłego zapisu krzywej EKG w dwóch punktach czasowych – przed wykonaniem blokady oraz w momencie osiągnięcia przez blokadę zakładanego poziomu (blokada czuciowa na poziomie Th1 – grupa T lub Th8 – grupa L).

          Wyniki

          Analiza statystyczna badanych parametrów elektrokardiograficznych: maksymalnego, minimalnego oraz średniego czasu trwania załamka P; dyspersji załamka P; maksymalnego, minimalnego oraz średniego czasu trwania odstępu PR; dyspersji odstępu PR – nie wykazała występowania różnic wewnątrz oraz pomiędzy badanymi grupami w zdefiniowanych punktach czasowych.

          Wnioski

          Niezależnie od jego lokalizacji znieczulenie zewnątrz-oponowe i związana z nim blokada współczulna nie wpływają istotnie na funkcję elektryczną przedsionków serca, odzwierciedlaną w powierzchniowym zapisie EKG, w tym na parametry elektrokardiograficzne uznawane za markery zwiększonego ryzyka okołooperacyjnego migotania przedsionków, takie jak dyspersja załamka P i jego maksymalny czas trwania.

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          Most cited references26

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          Neuraxial modulation for refractory ventricular arrhythmias: value of thoracic epidural anesthesia and surgical left cardiac sympathetic denervation.

          Reducing sympathetic output to the heart from the neuraxis can protect against ventricular arrhythmias. The purpose of this study was to assess the value of thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) and left cardiac sympathetic denervation (LCSD) in the management of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with structural heart disease. Clinical data of 14 patients (25 to 75 years old, mean+/-SD of 54.2+/-16.6 years; 13 men) who underwent TEA, LCSD, or both to control ventricular tachycardia (VT) refractory to medical therapy and catheter ablation were reviewed. Twelve patients were in VT storm, and 2 experienced recurrent VT despite maximal medical therapy and catheter ablation procedures. The total number of therapies per patient before either procedure ranged from 5 to 202 (median of 24; 25th and 75th percentile, 5 and 56). Eight patients underwent TEA, and 9 underwent LCSD (3 patients had both procedures). No major procedural complications occurred. After initiation of TEA, 6 patients had a large (> or =80%) decrease in VT burden. After LCSD, 3 patients had no further VT, 2 had recurrent VT that either resolved within 24 hours or responded to catheter ablation, and 4 continued to have recurrent VT. Nine of 14 patients survived to hospital discharge (2 TEA alone, 3 TEA/LCSD combined, and 4 LCSD alone), 1 of the TEA alone patients underwent an urgent cardiac transplantation. Initiation of TEA and LCSD in patients with refractory VT was associated with a subsequent decrease in arrhythmia burden in 6 (75%) of 8 patients (68% confidence interval 51% to 91%) and 5 (56%) of 9 patients (68% confidence interval 34% to 75%), respectively. These data suggest that TEA and LCSD may be effective additions to the management of refractory ventricular arrhythmias in structural heart disease when other treatment modalities have failed or may serve as a bridge to more definitive therapy.
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            Clinical and electrocardiographic predictors of recurrent atrial fibrillation.

            Patients with frequent episodes of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) are prone to develop permanent AF and have an increased thromboembolic risk. We have previously shown that P wave dispersion (P dispersion), defined as the difference between the maximum and the minimum P wave duration, and maximum P wave duration (P maximum) can distinguish patients with paroxysmal lone AF. The ability of those ECG markers and of other clinical and ECG variables to detect patients at risk for recurrent AF was tested in 88 patients, aged 64 +/- 12 years. All patients had a history of symptomatic episodes of AF during the last 2 years and had not previously received any antiarrhythmic prophylaxis. P maximum and P dispersion were calculated from a 12-lead surface ECG recorded in all patients during sinus rhythm. A computerized ECG system was used and P maximum and P dispersion were calculated on screen from the averaged complexes of all 12 leads. Age (P = 0.01), history of organic heart disease (P = 0.03), P maximum (P < 0.001), minimum P wave duration (P = 0.05), and P dispersion (P < 0.001) were found to be significant univariate predictors of recurrent AF, whereas only P maximum (P < 0.001) and age (P = 0.037) remained significant independent predictors of frequent AF paroxysms in the multivariate analysis. It is concluded that advanced age and prolonged P wave duration may be used as predictors of frequently relapsing AF. Therefore, simple AF predictors exist that could possibly distinguish the patients in whom prophylaxis with antiarrhythmic medicines should be instituted.
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              Meta-analysis of thoracic epidural anesthesia versus general anesthesia for cardiac surgery.

              A combination of general anesthesia (GA) with thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) may have a beneficial effect on clinical outcomes after cardiac surgery. We have performed a meta-analysis to compare mortality and cardiac, respiratory, and neurologic complications in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with GA alone or a combination of GA with TEA. Randomized studies comparing outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with either GA alone or GA in combination with TEA were retrieved from PubMed, Science Citation index, EMBASE, CINHAL, and Central Cochrane Controlled Trial Register databases. The search strategy yielded 1,390 studies; 28 studies that included 2,731 patients met the selection criteria. Compared with GA alone, the combined risk ratio for patients receiving GA with TEA was 0.81 (95% CI: 0.40-1.64) for mortality, 0.80 (95% CI: 0.52-1.24) for myocardial infarction, and 0.59 (95% CI: 0.24-1.46) for stroke. The risk ratios for the respiratory complications and supraventricular arrhythmias were 0.53 (95% CI: 0.40-0.69) and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.50-0.93), respectively. This meta-analysis showed that the use of TEA in patients undergoing cardiac surgery reduces the risk of postoperative supraventricular arrhythmias and respiratory complications. The sparsity of events precludes conclusions about mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke, but the estimates suggest a reduced risk after TEA. The risk of side effects of TEA, including epidural hematoma, could not be assessed with the current dataset, and therefore TEA should be used with caution until its benefit-harm profile is further elucidated.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Kardiochir Torakochirurgia Pol
                Kardiochir Torakochirurgia Pol
                KITP
                Kardiochirurgia i Torakochirurgia Polska = Polish Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery
                Termedia Publishing House
                1731-5530
                1897-4252
                29 June 2014
                June 2014
                : 11
                : 2
                : 156-161
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
                [2 ]Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
                [3 ]Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Pawel Twardowski, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 17 Smoluchowskiego St., 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland. tel. +48 58 349 32 70, fax +48 58 349 32 90. e-mail: p.twardowski@ 123456gumed.edu.pl
                Article
                23075
                10.5114/kitp.2014.43843
                4283850
                de03958a-ae62-40db-9023-3ea5bcee797a
                Copyright © 2014

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License, permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 27 June 2013
                : 29 June 2013
                : 28 February 2014
                Categories
                Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care

                epidural anesthesia,sympathetic denervation,cardiac electrophysiology,electrocardiography

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