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      Alteraciones neoplásicas en el paciente trasplantado renal. Una revisión sistemática Translated title: Neoplastic alterations in the renal transplant patient. A systematic review

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: El trasplante renal se ha destacado como la mejor terapia renal sustitutiva para la enfermedad renal crónica terminal, aunque conlleva una serie de riesgos entre los que el cáncer se destaca cada vez más, por lo que parece importante determinar el impacto que tiene en esta población. Objetivo: Conocer y sintetizar la evidencia científica acerca de la incidencia de neoplasias en pacientes trasplantados renales, así como las variables relacionadas con las mismas. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática en la que se incluyeron 14 artículos procedentes de las bases de Pubmed, Scopus, Scielo, WOS y Google Académico. Como términos MeSH se utilizaron: neoplasias (neoplasms), trasplante de riñón (kidney transplantation), incidencia (incidence), riesgo (risk), factores de riesgo (risk factors). Se incluyeron artículos originales en inglés y español, en población trasplantada adulta. Resultados: Se incluyeron 14 artículos de diseño observacional. De la revisión emergieron como principales variables: incidencia general, datos demográficos y tratamientos previos, otras características asociadas, tumores más frecuentes y medidas preventivas. Conclusiones: La incidencia de neoplasias en el paciente trasplantado es alta, sobre todo en la edad avanzada y pacientes con tratamiento inmunosupresor con ciclosporina y azatioprina siendo este último, junto al trasplante procedente de cadáver, los principales factores de riesgo encontrados. Los cánceres de piel no melanoma son los más prevalentes y como medidas de prevención se destaca llevar a cabo un cribado rutinario, fomento de una vida saludable, y promoción y potenciación de la vacunación de la hepatitis B.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: Renal transplantation has been considered the best renal replacement therapy for end-stage chronic kidney disease, even though it carries a number of risks among which cancer is increasingly prominent. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the impact on this population. Objective: To understand and synthesise the scientific evidence on the incidence of neoplasms in renal transplant patients, as well as the related variables. Methodology: A systematic review was carried out including 14 articles from Pubmed, Scopus, Scielo, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases. The MeSH terms used were: neoplasms, kidney transplantation, incidence, risk, risk factors. Original articles written in English and Spanish, studying adult transplanted population were included. Results: Fourteen articles with observational design were included. The main variables that emerged from the review were: overall incidence, demographic data and previous treatments, other associated characteristics, most frequent tumours and preventive measures. Conclusions: TThe incidence of neoplasms in transplant patients is high, especially in the older age group and in patients with immunosuppressive treatment with cyclosporine and azathioprine; the latter, together with transplantation from cadaver, being the main risk factors found. Non-melanoma skin cancers are the most prevalent and prevention measures include routine screening, promotion of a healthy lifestyle, and promotion and enhancement of hepatitis B vaccination.

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          Most cited references49

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          Cancer incidence before and after kidney transplantation.

          Immune suppression after organ transplantation is associated with a markedly increased risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer and a few virus-associated cancers. Although it is generally accepted that other cancers do not occur at increased rates, there have been few long-term population-based cohort studies performed. To compare the incidence of cancer in patients receiving immune suppression after kidney transplantation with incidence in the same population in 2 periods before receipt of immune suppression: during dialysis and during end-stage kidney disease before renal replacement therapy (RRT). A population-based cohort study of 28,855 patients with end-stage kidney disease who received RRT, with 273,407 person-years of follow-up. Incident cancers (1982-2003) were ascertained by record linkage between the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry and the Australian National Cancer Statistics Clearing House. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) of cancer, using age-specific, sex-specific, calendar year-specific, and state/territory-specific population cancer incidence rates. The overall incidence of cancer, excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer and those cancers known to frequently cause end-stage kidney disease, was markedly increased after transplantation (n = 1236; SIR, 3.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.09-3.46). In contrast, cancer incidence was only slightly increased during dialysis (n = 870; SIR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.27-1.45) and before RRT (n = 689; SIR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.08-1.25). After transplantation, cancer occurred at significantly increased incidence at 25 sites, and risk exceeded 3-fold at 18 of these sites. Most of these cancers were of known or suspected viral etiology. Kidney transplantation is associated with a marked increase in cancer risk at a wide variety of sites. Because SIRs for most types of cancer were not increased before transplantation, immune suppression may be responsible for the increased risk. These data suggest a broader than previously appreciated role of the interaction between the immune system and common viral infections in the etiology of cancer.
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            Cancer after kidney transplantation in the United States.

            Previous reports of cancer after kidney transplantation have been limited by small numbers of patients in single-center studies and incomplete ascertainment of cases in large registries. We examined rates of malignancies among first-time recipients of deceased or living donor kidney transplantations in 1995-2001 (n = 35 765) using Medicare billing claims. For most common tumors, e.g. colon, lung, prostate, stomach, esophagus, pancreas, ovary and breast, cancer rates were roughly twofold higher after kidney transplantation compared with the general population. Melanoma, leukemia, hepatobiliary tumors, cervical and vulvovaginal tumors were each approximately fivefold more common. Testicular and bladder cancers were increased approximately threefold, while kidney cancer was approximately 15-fold more common. Kaposi's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, and nonmelanoma skin cancers were more than 20-fold increased than in the general population. Compared with patients on the waiting list, several tumors were more common after transplantation (p < 0.01): nonmelanoma skin cancers (2.6-fold), melanoma (2.2-fold), Kaposi's sarcoma (9.0-fold), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (3.3-fold), cancer of the mouth (2.2-fold), and cancer of the kidney (39% higher). The rates for most malignancies are higher after kidney transplantation compared with the general population. Cancer should continue to be a major focus of prevention in kidney transplantation.
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              Cancer in kidney transplant recipients

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                enefro
                Enfermería Nefrológica
                Enferm Nefrol
                Sociedad Española de Enfermería Nefrológica (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                2254-2884
                2255-3517
                September 2022
                : 25
                : 3
                : 204-215
                Affiliations
                [3] orgnameInstituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba España
                [2] Córdoba orgnameHospital Universitario Reina Sofía orgdiv1Servicio de Nefrología España
                [1] Andalucía orgnameUniversidad de Córdoba orgdiv1Departamento de Enfermería orgdiv2Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería Spain
                Article
                S2254-28842022000300002 S2254-2884(22)02500300002
                10.37551/52254-28842022021
                de45e3be-f085-429d-ade2-d7e4649dc7ed

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 05 July 2022
                : 18 August 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 49, Pages: 12
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                SciELO Spain

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                Revisiones

                kidney transplantation,neoplasms,incidence,risk factors,neoplasias,trasplante de riñón,incidencia,factores de riesgo

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