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      High prevalence of neurocognitive disorders observed among adult people living with HIV/AIDS in Southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study

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          Abstract

          Background

          Comprehensive care given to people living with HIV/AIDS is improving over time; however, their concurrent cognitive illness is still ignored, under screened and treated particularly in developing countries. And this problem is also striking in Ethiopia. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and associated factors among adult people living with HIV/AIDS.

          Methods

          An institution based cross sectional study was conducted from April to May, 2017 at Gamo Gofa zone public Hospitals. International HIV Dementia Scale was used to screen HIV associated neurocognitive disorders. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess predictors of neurocognitive disorders.

          Result

          A total of 684 study participants were included in this study with a response rate of 98%. Among them, 56% were females while 44% were males. The mean (±SD) age of the participants was 38.8±8.8years. The screening prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder was 67.1% (95% CI; 63.6, 70.5). Body mass index 16 kg/m 2 (AOR 4.389 (1.603–12.016)), being married (AOR 0.377 (0.213–0.666), unemployment status (AOR 3.181 (1.752–5.777) and being in WHO clinical stage T3 category/advancing stages of the disease (AOR 3.558 (1.406–9.006) were the key predictors of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders among people living with HIV/AIDS.

          Conclusion

          In this study the screening prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder is higher than the earlier reports in Ethiopia and Africa. This indicates that early screening strategies and policies for cognitive health in people living with HIV/AIDS should be given a top priority.

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          A comprehensive review of the psychometric properties of the Drug Abuse Screening Test.

          Errol Yudko, Olga Lozhkina, Adriana Fouts (2007)
          This article reviews the reliability and the validity of the (10-, 20-, and 28-item) Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST). The reliability and the validity of the adolescent version of the DAST are also reviewed. An extensive literature review was conducted using the Medline and Psychinfo databases from the years 1982 to 2005. All articles that addressed the reliability and the validity of the DAST were examined. Publications in which the DAST was used as a screening tool but had no data on its psychometric properties were not included. Descriptive information about each version of the test, as well as discussion of the empirical literature that has explored measures of the reliability and the validity of the DAST, has been included. The DAST tended to have moderate to high levels of test-retest, interitem, and item-total reliabilities. The DAST also tended to have moderate to high levels of validity, sensitivity, and specificity. In general, all versions of the DAST yield satisfactory measures of reliability and validity for use as clinical or research tools. Furthermore, these tests are easy to administer and have been used in a variety of populations.
          Article 0 comments Cited 183 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorders: Mind the gap.

            Justin C. McArthur, Joseph Steiner, Ned C. Sacktor … (2010)
            Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) remain among the most common disorders in people infected with HIV, even in an era when potent antiretroviral therapy is widely deployed. This review discusses the clinical features of HANDs and the implications for more effective treatment. With the improved survival of individuals treated with antiretrovirals, comorbid conditions are increasingly salient, including particularly coinfection with hepatitis C and the effects of aging. This review attempts to answer why there appears to be a therapeutic gap between the salutary effects of antiretroviral regimens and normalization of neurological function. A second gap is found in the understanding of the pathophysiology of HANDs. This review addresses this and discusses the animal models that have helped to elucidate these mechanisms. Although triggered by productive HIV infection of brain macrophages, aberrant and sustained immune activation appears to play a major role in inducing HANDs, and may explain the often incomplete neurological response to highly active antiretroviral therapy. Novel therapies aimed at persistent central nervous system inflammation will be needed to close this gap.
            Article 0 comments Cited 124 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              The effect of social engagement on incident dementia: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study.

              L Pfeifer, Esther Korf, Kamal H. Masaki … (2006)
              The authors examined whether low levels of social engagement in midlife and late life were associated with the risk of incident dementia in 2,513 Japanese-American men who have been followed since 1965 as part of the Honolulu Heart Program and the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. In 1991, assessment of dementia began; incident dementia cases (n = 222) were diagnosed in 1994 and 1997. Social engagement was assessed in midlife (1968) and late life (1991). The relation between social engagement and dementia risk was examined using Cox proportional hazards models. No level of midlife social engagement was associated with the risk of dementia. In late life, compared with participants in the highest quartile of late-life social engagement, those in the lowest quartile had a significantly increased risk of dementia (hazard ratio = 2.34, 95% confidence interval: 1.18, 4.65). However, compared with those who were in the highest quartile of social engagement at both midlife and late life, only decreased social engagement from midlife to late life was associated with an increased risk of dementia (hazard ratio = 1.87, 95% confidence interval: 1.12, 3.13). Although low social engagement in late life is associated with risk of dementia, levels of late-life social engagement may already have been modified by the dementing process and may be associated with prodromal dementia.
              Article 0 comments Cited 86 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Megbaru Debalkie Animut:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6431-9449
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Muluken Bekele Sorrie:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3464-2584
                Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: Writing – review & editing
                Yinager Workineh Birhanu: Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Manaye Yihune Teshale: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Lucette A. Cysique: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 March 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0204636
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Arbaminch University College of Medicine and Health Sciences Department of Nursing, Arbaminch, Ethiopia
                [2 ] Arbaminch University College of Medicine and Health Sciences Department of Public Health, Arbaminch, Ethiopia
                [3 ] Bahir Dar University Colleges of Medicine and Health Sciences School of Nursing, Bahir Dar Ethiopia
                [4 ] Arbaminch University College of Medicine and Health Sciences Department of Public Health, Arbaminch, Ethiopia
                The University of New South Wales, Neuroscience Research Australia, AUSTRALIA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6431-9449
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3464-2584
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-18-23383
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204636
                PMC ID: 6422272
                PubMed ID: 30883557
                SO-VID: de463ba7-4aa2-485b-8b8d-64cd238e1aa1
                Copyright © © 2019 Debalkie Animut et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 10 September 2018
                Date accepted : 28 February 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 3, Pages: 15
                Funding
                The authors received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Medical Microbiology
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Immunodeficiency Viruses
                Subject: HIV
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Subject: Pathogens
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Immunodeficiency Viruses
                Subject: HIV
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Immunodeficiency Viruses
                Subject: HIV
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: Immunodeficiency Viruses
                Subject: HIV
                Subject: Biology and life sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: RNA viruses
                Subject: Retroviruses
                Subject: Lentivirus
                Subject: HIV
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Medical Microbiology
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Retroviruses
                Subject: Lentivirus
                Subject: HIV
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Subject: Pathogens
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Retroviruses
                Subject: Lentivirus
                Subject: HIV
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Retroviruses
                Subject: Lentivirus
                Subject: HIV
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Epidemiology
                Subject: Medical Risk Factors
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Immunology
                Subject: Vaccination and Immunization
                Subject: Antiviral Therapy
                Subject: Antiretroviral Therapy
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Immunology
                Subject: Vaccination and Immunization
                Subject: Antiviral Therapy
                Subject: Antiretroviral Therapy
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Public and Occupational Health
                Subject: Preventive Medicine
                Subject: Vaccination and Immunization
                Subject: Antiviral Therapy
                Subject: Antiretroviral Therapy
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Infectious Diseases
                Subject: Opportunistic Infections
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Nutrition
                Subject: Diet
                Subject: Alcohol Consumption
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Nutrition
                Subject: Diet
                Subject: Alcohol Consumption
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Physiological Parameters
                Subject: Body Weight
                Subject: Body Mass Index
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Physiological Parameters
                Subject: Body Weight
                Subject: Body Mass Index
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Subject: Dementia
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Neurology
                Subject: Dementia
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Pharmacology
                Subject: Drug Screening
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All relevant data are in the paper and Supporting Information files.

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