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      Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in North Africa: a review Translated title: Leishmaniose cutanée en Afrique du Nord : une synthèse Translated title: داء اللايشمانيا الجلدي في شمال إفريقيا

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          Abstract

          In North African countries, cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission has been increasing since the 1980s, with a significant increase in the incidence of cases and a spread of the geographical distribution. The disease currently represents a major public health problem with a productivity gap and an impediment for development, which results in dramatic socioeconomic and psycho-sanitary impacts. The incidence is more than thousands of cases every year in Algeria, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia. In Egypt, only a few dozen cases per year are reported, mainly in the Sinai Peninsula. Three Leishmania species, associated with distinct eco-epidemiological and clinical patterns, are involved, namely Leishmania infantum, L. major, and L. tropica. However, L. major is by far the most frequent in Algeria, Libya, and Tunisia, with more than 90% of the registered cases. It is mainly encountered in rural areas under semi-arid, arid and Saharan climates. Leishmania tropica is more prevalent in Morocco, reaching 30–40% of isolates in some districts. Much data is still missing concerning the risk factors of the infection and the lesion development, as well as vector and reservoir ecology and behavior. The knowledge of such parameters, following multidisciplinary and integrated approaches, is crucial for better management and control of the disease, that also faces a lack of resources and efficient control measures.

          Translated abstract

          La leishmaniose cutanée est émergente en Afrique du Nord depuis le début des années 80 avec une augmentation importante de l’incidence des cas et une extension de la répartition géographique. La maladie constitue un problème majeur de santé publique, avec un impact négatif sur la productivité et un handicap pour le développement, qui altère les conditions socio-économiques et psycho-sanitaires. L’incidence dépasse les milliers de cas chaque année en Algérie, Libye, Maroc et Tunisie. Elle est plus faible en Égypte, limitée à quelques dizaines de cas principalement dans le Sinaï. Trois espèces de Leishmania, associées à des caractéristiques environnementales, épidémiologiques et cliniques distinctes, sont responsables de la maladie, à savoir Leishmania infantum, L. major et L. tropica. Leishmania major est de loin la plus fréquente en Algérie, Libye et Tunisie avec plus de 90 % des cas enregistrés. Elle sévit principalement dans les zones rurales des étages bioclimatiques semi-arides, arides et sahariens. Leishmania tropica est plus répandue au Maroc où elle est responsable de 30 à 40 % des cas dans certaines régions. De nombreuses données manquent encore concernant les facteurs de risque de l’infection, la pathogénie des espèces en cause, et l’écologie et le comportement des vecteurs et réservoirs. La connaissance de ces paramètres, grâce à une approche multidisciplinaire et intégrée, est fondamentale pour un contrôle de la maladie, qui reste par ailleurs également confronté aux insuffisances des ressources et des mesures efficaces de lutte.

          Translated abstract

          داء اللايشمانيا الجلدي من الأمراض الناشئة في بلدان شمال إفريقيا والعدد الإجمالي للحالات في ارتفاع متواصل مع انتشار جغرافي للوباء منذ بداية الثمانيات. يعد هذا الداء من المشاكل الصحية ذات الأولوية في المغرب العربي ولو انه اقل حدة في القطر المصري ولهذا الداء تأثيرات مباشرة صحية واجتماعية واقتصادية، كما له انعكاسات سلبية على النمو والتطور في البلدان المتضررة. هناك ثلاثة أنواع من طفيلي اللايشمانيا تتسبب في المرض في شمال إفريقيا و ترتبط كل منها بخاصيات بيئية و وبائية و سريرية، وهي اللايشمانيا الطفيلية ( L. infantum ) و اللايشمانيا الرائدة ( L. major ) و اللايشمانيا المدارية.( L. tropica ) اللايشمانيا الرائدة هي الأكثر انتشارا بتونس والجزائر وليبيا حيث تتسبب في أكثر من %90 من الحالات المرضية و تتوزع هده الحالات بالأخص في المناطق الريفية و القاحلة والصحراوية. و تختص الوضعية الوبائية في المغرب بارتفاع نسبي لعدد الحالات المنسوبة لللايشمانيا المدارية (30 إلى %40) في حين تبقى اللايشمانيا الرائدة أكثر تفشيا. البحوث العلمية والحملات الميدانية يجب أن تكثف لتحسين وإتمام المعلومات خاصة تلك المتصلة بالخازن و الفواصد الناقلة وخصوصياتها البيئية. لهذه المعلومات أهمية قصوى في مجابهة هذا المرض الذي يبقى التغلب عليه رهن توفير الإمكانيات المادية واللوجستية من ناحية والحلول الفعالة من ناحية أخرى.

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          The leishmaniases as emerging and reemerging zoonoses.

          The 20 or so species of Leishmania which have been recorded as human infections are all either zoonotic, or have recent zoonotic origins. Their distribution is determined by that of their vector, their reservoir host, or both, so is dependent on precise environmental features. This concatenation of limiting factors leads to specific environmental requirements and focal distribution of zoonotic or anthroponotic sources. Human infection is dependent on the ecological relationship between human activity and reservoir systems. Examples are available of the emergence of leishmaniasis from the distant past to the present, and can be postulated for the future. These emergences have been provoked by the adoption of new, secondary reservoir hosts, the adoption of new vector species, transport of infection in humans or domestic animals, invasion by humans of zoonotic foci, and irruption of reservoir hosts beyond their normal range. The leishmaniases therefore present an excellent model for emerging disease in general, and for the generation of the principles governing emergence. The model is, however, limited by gaps in our knowledge, usually quantitative, sometimes qualitative, of the structure of reservoir systems.
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            Clinical spectrum of Leishmaniasis.

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              Leishmaniasis reservoirs and their significance in control.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2014
                14 March 2014
                : 21
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2014/01 )
                : 14
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Laboratoire de Parasitologie, 13 Pl Pasteur BP 74 Tunis 1002 Tunisia
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: karim.aoun@ 123456pasteur.rns.tn
                Article
                parasite130072 10.1051/parasite/2014014
                10.1051/parasite/2014014
                3952656
                24626301
                de4db8a9-5dca-4e27-92f2-815ecd5aeb94
                © K. Aoun & A. Bouratbine, published by EDP Sciences, 2014

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 25 August 2013
                : 26 February 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 67, Pages: 9
                Categories
                Research Article

                leishmania infantum,leishmania major,leishmania tropica,epidemiology,algeria,libya,morocco,tunisia,egypt

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