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      A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: antibody kinetics, correlates of protection, and association of antibody responses with severity of disease

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          Abstract

          The duration and nature of immunity generated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is unknown. Many public health responses and modeled scenarios for COVID-19 outbreaks caused by SARSCoV-2 assume that infection results in an immune response that protects individuals from future infections or illness for some amount of time. The timescale of protection is a critical determinant of the future impact of the pathogen. The presence or absence of protective immunity due to infection or vaccination (when available) will affect future transmission and illness severity. The dynamics of immunity and nature of protection are relevant to discussions surrounding therapeutic use of convalescent sera as well as efforts to identify individuals with protective immunity. Here, we review the scientific literature on antibody immunity to coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 as well as the related SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and human endemic coronaviruses (HCoVs). We reviewed 1281 abstracts and identified 322 manuscripts relevant to 5 areas of focus: 1) antibody kinetics, 2) correlates of protection, 3) immunopathogenesis, 4) antigenic diversity and cross-reactivity, and 5) population seroprevalence. While studies of SARS-CoV-2 are necessary to determine immune responses to it, evidence from other coronaviruses can provide clues and guide future research.

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          The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus : classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2

          Alexander E. Gorbalenya, Susan C. Baker, Ralph Baric … (2020)
          The present outbreak of a coronavirus-associated acute respiratory disease called coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is the third documented spillover of an animal coronavirus to humans in only two decades that has resulted in a major epidemic. The Coronaviridae Study Group (CSG) of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, which is responsible for developing the classification of viruses and taxon nomenclature of the family Coronaviridae, has assessed the placement of the human pathogen, tentatively named 2019-nCoV, within the Coronaviridae. Based on phylogeny, taxonomy and established practice, the CSG recognizes this virus as forming a sister clade to the prototype human and bat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoVs) of the species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, and designates it as SARS-CoV-2. In order to facilitate communication, the CSG proposes to use the following naming convention for individual isolates: SARS-CoV-2/host/location/isolate/date. While the full spectrum of clinical manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans remains to be determined, the independent zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 highlights the need for studying viruses at the species level to complement research focused on individual pathogenic viruses of immediate significance. This will improve our understanding of virus–host interactions in an ever-changing environment and enhance our preparedness for future outbreaks.
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            Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses

            Jie Cui, Fang Li, Zheng-Li Shi (2018)
            Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) are two highly transmissible and pathogenic viruses that emerged in humans at the beginning of the 21st century. Both viruses likely originated in bats, and genetically diverse coronaviruses that are related to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV were discovered in bats worldwide. In this Review, we summarize the current knowledge on the origin and evolution of these two pathogenic coronaviruses and discuss their receptor usage; we also highlight the diversity and potential of spillover of bat-borne coronaviruses, as evidenced by the recent spillover of swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) to pigs.
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              The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak

              Matteo Chinazzi, Jessica Davis, Marco Ajelli … (2020)
              Motivated by the rapid spread of COVID-19 in Mainland China, we use a global metapopulation disease transmission model to project the impact of travel limitations on the national and international spread of the epidemic. The model is calibrated based on internationally reported cases, and shows that at the start of the travel ban from Wuhan on 23 January 2020, most Chinese cities had already received many infected travelers. The travel quarantine of Wuhan delayed the overall epidemic progression by only 3 to 5 days in Mainland China, but has a more marked effect at the international scale, where case importations were reduced by nearly 80% until mid February. Modeling results also indicate that sustained 90% travel restrictions to and from Mainland China only modestly affect the epidemic trajectory unless combined with a 50% or higher reduction of transmission in the community.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): medRxiv
                Journal ID (publisher-id): MEDRXIV
                Title: medRxiv
                Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 April 2020
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2020.04.14.20065771
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Biology, University of Florida, USA
                [2 ]Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, USA
                [3 ]National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
                [4 ]Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
                [5 ]Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA
                [6 ]Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
                [7 ]Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, USA
                Author notes
                [*]

                contributed equally

                Corresponding Author: Derek A.T. Cummings, PO Box 118525, Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA, datc@ 123456ufl.edu
                Article
                DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.14.20065771
                PMC ID: 7217088
                PubMed ID: 32511434
                SO-VID: de510756-7a49-4bef-a534-1ae9938228d4
                License:

                It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

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