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      Enhanced proliferation of rabbit chondrocytes by using a well circulated nanoshock system

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          Abstract

          The gold nanorods (GNRs) embedded alginate-chitosan (scaffold), which was designed and fabricated to produce efficient handling of the cell proliferations. Scaffold embedded GNR (SGNR) and NIR (near infrared) irradiations are developing into an interesting medical prognosis tool for rabbit chondrocyte (RC) proliferation. SGNR contained a pattern of uniform pores. Biocompatibility and cellular proliferation achieved by disclosures to NIR irradiations, providing high cell survival. SGNR and NIR irradiations could produce mechanical and biochemical cues for regulating RCs proliferations. To determine the thermal stress, it exposed RCs to 39–42 °C for 0–240 min at the start point of the cell culture cycle. It produced photothermal stress in cellular surrounding (cells located adjacent to and within scaffold) and it deals with the proliferation behavior of RC. All the processes were modeled with experimental criteria and time evolution process. Our system could help the cell proliferation by generating heat for cells. Hence, the present strategy could be implemented for supporting cell therapeutics after transplantation. This implementation would open new design techniques for integrating the interfaces between NIR irradiated and non-irradiated tissues.

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          Most cited references46

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          Molecular chaperones in protein folding and proteostasis.

          Most proteins must fold into defined three-dimensional structures to gain functional activity. But in the cellular environment, newly synthesized proteins are at great risk of aberrant folding and aggregation, potentially forming toxic species. To avoid these dangers, cells invest in a complex network of molecular chaperones, which use ingenious mechanisms to prevent aggregation and promote efficient folding. Because protein molecules are highly dynamic, constant chaperone surveillance is required to ensure protein homeostasis (proteostasis). Recent advances suggest that an age-related decline in proteostasis capacity allows the manifestation of various protein-aggregation diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Interventions in these and numerous other pathological states may spring from a detailed understanding of the pathways underlying proteome maintenance.
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            Three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: role of porosity and pore size.

            Tissue engineering applications commonly encompass the use of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds to provide a suitable microenvironment for the incorporation of cells or growth factors to regenerate damaged tissues or organs. These scaffolds serve to mimic the actual in vivo microenvironment where cells interact and behave according to the mechanical cues obtained from the surrounding 3D environment. Hence, the material properties of the scaffolds are vital in determining cellular response and fate. These 3D scaffolds are generally highly porous with interconnected pore networks to facilitate nutrient and oxygen diffusion and waste removal. This review focuses on the various fabrication techniques (e.g., conventional and rapid prototyping methods) that have been employed to fabricate 3D scaffolds of different pore sizes and porosity. The different pore size and porosity measurement methods will also be discussed. Scaffolds with graded porosity have also been studied for their ability to better represent the actual in vivo situation where cells are exposed to layers of different tissues with varying properties. In addition, the ability of pore size and porosity of scaffolds to direct cellular responses and alter the mechanical properties of scaffolds will be reviewed, followed by a look at nature's own scaffold, the extracellular matrix. Overall, the limitations of current scaffold fabrication approaches for tissue engineering applications and some novel and promising alternatives will be highlighted.
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              Graphene-based nanomaterials for drug delivery and tissue engineering.

              Nanomaterials offer interesting physicochemical and biological properties for biomedical applications due to their small size, large surface area and ability to interface/interact with the cells/tissues. Graphene-based nanomaterials are fast emerging as "two-dimensional wonder materials" due to their unique structure and excellent mechanical, optical and electrical properties and have been exploited in electronics and other fields. Emerging trends show that their exceptional properties can be exploited for biomedical applications, especially in drug delivery and tissue engineering. This article presents a comprehensive review of various types and properties of graphene family nanomaterials. We further highlight how these properties are being exploited for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications.

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                kim@kist.re.kr
                vitalis@mju.ac.kr
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                29 September 2021
                29 September 2021
                2021
                : 11
                : 19388
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.410898.c, ISNI 0000 0001 2339 0388, Department of Chemistry, , Myongji University, ; Yongin, 03674 South Korea
                [2 ]GRID grid.35541.36, ISNI 0000000121053345, Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), ; Seoul, 02792 South Korea
                [3 ]GRID grid.256155.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0647 2973, Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, , Gachon University, ; Seongnam, 13120 South Korea
                [4 ]GRID grid.222754.4, ISNI 0000 0001 0840 2678, Korea University (KU)-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, ; Seoul, 02841 South Korea
                [5 ]GRID grid.35541.36, ISNI 0000000121053345, Optoelectronic Materials and Devices Research Center, , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), ; Seoul, 02792 South Korea
                Article
                98929
                10.1038/s41598-021-98929-2
                8481538
                34588578
                ded14485-30b7-4abb-8633-ed3d3e7a99d4
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 11 January 2021
                : 14 September 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: Korean National Research Foundation
                Award ID: 2021R1F1A1048388
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Uncategorized
                biological techniques,materials science,nanoscience and technology
                Uncategorized
                biological techniques, materials science, nanoscience and technology

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