The ichthyofauna of limnic systems in Quaternary deposits of extreme southern Brazil

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Abstract

The Quaternary in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), southern Brazil, is geologically represented by the coastal plain and was originated by successive events of Pleistocene-Holocene marine transgressions and the occurrence of alluvial deposits. This paper aimed to characterize the fish assemblage occurring in a swampy Quaternary area adjacent to Lagoa Pequena, a lacustrine system connected to the west margin of the Laguna dos Patos estuary. A checklist is also provided of the ichthyofauna so far recorded in limnic systems of Quaternary deposits in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. A total of 42 species was recorded, distributed in nine orders, 18 families and 31 genera. Characidae and Cichlidae were the most representative families, comprising 15 and 4 species respectively. A bibliographic revision associated to our sample data revealed the occurrence of 156 species in limnic systems inserted in RS Quaternary deposits (114 limnic, 15 marine/estuarine/limnic, ten marine/estuarine, nine estuarine/limnic and eight marine). Characiformes and Siluriformes are the most diverse orders, corroborating the Neotropical pattern. Seven species can be considered endemic to RS Quaternary deposits.

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Ecological studies in tropical fish communities

R. LOWE-McCONNELL (1987)

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Inventory of the freshwater fishes from a densely collected area in South America-a case study of the current knowledge of Neotropical fish diversity.

Vinicius Bertaco, Juliano Ferrer, Fernando Carvalho … (2016)

We herein analyse the history of the description of the freshwater fish fauna from three drainages in one of the most densely collected areas of Brazil, and possibly of South America, the Rio Grande do Sul State, southern Brazil. An updated inventory of the freshwater fish species from rio Uruguay (partial) in Brazil, Laguna dos Patos (complete) and rio Tramandaí basins (complete) is presented. We found the number of new species described in these drainages increased nearly 56% since 1981, reaching a total of 422 species, but even now 10% of this number still corresponds to undescribed species. This rate of species description suggests that previous estimates of the Neotropical fish fauna are low, and we predict a final number of Neotropical fishes larger than the largest prediction estimate (8,000 species), after other regions of South and Central Americas become densely sampled. We discuss and attempt to demonstrate that species diversity knowledge is historically and strictly related to collecting efforts. We also demonstrate that the ecoregions in eastern South America with the highest density of species per area correspond to the areas more densely sampled in collections, and this may represent a bias in such kinds of analyses. This uneven sampling in Brazilian regions is apparently associated with the uneven distribution of Zoological research centers in different regions of the country. Small-sized species represents an important source of new species, along with little explored regions or little explored habitats, sometimes associated with restricted range species, and species complexes that need revisionary work. In contrast to other Neotropical regions, Atheriniformes are relatively diverse, sharing the fifth place in species richness with Gymnotiformes, and there is a remarkably high number of species of Rivulidae. Eight species are endemic to the rio Tramandaí drainage, 68 to the Laguna dos Patos system, and 78 to the rio Uruguay drainage. Almost 10% of the freshwater fish species are "Critically Endangered", "Endangered" or "Vulnerable" according to the IUCN criteria, with Rivulidae as the family with the largest number of threatened species.

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Systematics and biogeography of the genus Phalloceros Eigenmann, 1907 (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae: Poeciliinae), with the description of twenty-one new species

Paulo Lucinda (2008)

The genus Phalloceros is revised. Phalloceros caudimaculatus (Hensel, 1868) and twenty-one new species are recognized in Phalloceros. The species and their distributions are: P. alessandrae, small coastal drainages of the Paraná State; P. anisophallos, small coastal drainages of the Rio de Janeiro State; P. aspilos, rio Parati-Mirim, Rio de Janeiro; P. buckupi, small coastal drainages of the Paraná State; P. caudimaculatus (Hensel, 1868), laguna dos Patos system, lower rio Uruguay, drainages of rio Tramandaí, rio Mampituba and coastal drainages of Uruguay and Argentina; P. elachistos, rio Doce drainage and small coastal drainages of the Espírito Santo State; P. enneaktinos, córrego da Toca do Boi, Rio de Janeiro; P. harpagos, rio Paraná-Paraguai basin and coastal drainages from Espírito Santo to Santa Catarina States; P. heptaktinos, rio Jacuí drainage; P. leptokeras, middle portions of rio Paraíba do Sul drainage; P. leticiae, upper rio Araguaia; P. lucenorum, rio Juquiá drainage; P. malabarbai, coastal drainage of the Santa Catarina State; P. megapolos, drainages of rio São João, rio Cubatão (North) and small adjacent drainages of the Paraná State; P. mikrommatos, rio João de Tiba basin, a coastal drainage of the Bahia State; P. ocellatus, coastal drainages of the Bahia and Espírito Santo States; P. pellos, small coastal drainages of the Paraná State; P. reisi, headwaters of rio Tietê, rio Paraíba do Sul, rio Ribeira de Iguape, and small coastal drainages of the São Paulo State; P. spiloura, coastal drainages of the Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina States; P. titthos, coastal drainages of the Paraná State; P. tupinamba, rio Itamambuca and rio Macacu drainages, small coastal drainages of the São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro States, and P. uai, rio São Francisco basin. A lectotype for Girardinus caudimaculatus is designated. Diagnoses of intrageneric clades of Phalloceros are provided. Diagnoses and descriptions of distributions are provided for each species as well as a key for identification. Phylogenetic and biogeographical features of Phalloceros are discussed.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Zookeys

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Zookeys

Journal ID (publisher-id): ZooKeys

Title: ZooKeys

Publisher: Pensoft Publishers

ISSN (Print): 1313-2989

ISSN (Electronic): 1313-2970

Publication date Collection: 2016

Publication date (Electronic): 7 December 2016

Issue: 638

Pages: 85-104

Affiliations

[1 ]Laboratorio de Vertebrados, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. Av. Itália km 8, Vila Carreiros, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. CEP: 96203-900

Author notes

Corresponding author: Cindy M. Assumpção ( cindy.furg@ 123456hotmail.com )

Academic editor: J. Maldonado

Article

DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.638.9199

PMC ID: 5270744

SO-VID: ded1dcb8-3980-4bbf-b8c1-1a026db1f454

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.