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      Individuals with Restless Legs Syndrome Tend to have Severe Depressive Symptoms: Findings from a Community-Based Cohort Study

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          Abstract

          Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sensorimotor neurological disturbance causing physical and psychological distress. Here, we investigated the severity and effect of depressive symptoms in RLS among a Korean cohort population. Depressive symptoms were more prevalent in the RLS group than in the non-RLS group [≥mild depression: odds ratio (OR)=1.95, p<0.001; ≥ moderate depression: OR=6.15, p<0.001; and ≥severe depression: OR=56.54, p<0.001], with a predominant proportion of severe depression (97%) in the RLS group. We found that difficulty falling asleep (OR=8.16, p<0.001), broken sleep (OR=11.66, p=0.001), early morning awakening (OR=8.5, p<0.001), and excessive daytime sleepiness (OR=3.04, p=0.031) were significantly frequent in individuals with severe depression in the RLS group. Red blood cell count was significantly low in individuals with severe depression in the RLS group (p=0.041). We found that severe depression was associated with RLS, suggesting the evaluation and management of mood symptoms and sleep-related and hematological features when treating RLS.

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          Restless legs syndrome: diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health.

          Richard Allen, Daniel Picchietti, Wayne Hening … (2003)
          Restless legs syndrome is a common yet frequently undiagnosed sensorimotor disorder. In 1995, the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group developed standardized criteria for the diagnosis of restless legs syndrome. Since that time, additional scientific scrutiny and clinical experience have led to a better understanding of the condition. Modification of the criteria is now necessary to better reflect that increased body of knowledge, as well as to clarify slight confusion with the wording of the original criteria. The restless legs syndrome diagnostic criteria and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health. Members of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group and authorities on epidemiology and the design of questionnaires and scales. To modify the current criteria for the diagnosis of restless legs syndrome, to develop new criteria for the diagnosis of restless legs syndrome in the cognitively impaired elderly and in children, to create standardized criteria for the identification of augmentation, and to establish consistent questions for use in epidemiology studies. The essential diagnostic criteria for restless legs syndrome were developed and approved by workshop participants and the executive committee of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group. Criteria were also developed and approved for the additional aforementioned groups.
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            Sleep and psychiatric disorders. A meta-analysis.

            R M Benca, W Obermeyer, R A Thisted … (1992)
            We reviewed the literature on sleep in psychiatric disorders and evaluated the data by meta-analysis, a statistical method designed to combine data from different studies. A total of 177 studies with data from 7151 patients and controls were reviewed. Most psychiatric groups showed significantly reduced sleep efficiency and total sleep time, accounted for by decrements in non-rapid eye movement sleep. Rapid eye movement sleep time was relatively preserved in all groups, and percentage of rapid eye movement sleep was increased in affective disorders. Reduction in rapid eye movement sleep latency was seen in affective disorders but occurred in other categories as well. Although no single sleep variable appeared to have absolute specificity for any particular psychiatric disorder, patterns of sleep disturbances associated with categories of psychiatric illnesses were observed. Overall, findings for patients with affective disorders differed most frequently and significantly from those for normal controls.
            Article 0 comments Cited 146 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Genome-wide association study of restless legs syndrome identifies common variants in three genomic regions.

              Florian Holsboer, Claudia Trenkwalder, Bertram Müller-Myhsok … (2007)
              Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a frequent neurological disorder characterized by an imperative urge to move the legs during night, unpleasant sensation in the lower limbs, disturbed sleep and increased cardiovascular morbidity. In a genome-wide association study we found highly significant associations between RLS and intronic variants in the homeobox gene MEIS1, the BTBD9 gene encoding a BTB(POZ) domain as well as variants in a third locus containing the genes encoding mitogen-activated protein kinase MAP2K5 and the transcription factor LBXCOR1 on chromosomes 2p, 6p and 15q, respectively. Two independent replications confirmed these association signals. Each genetic variant was associated with a more than 50% increase in risk for RLS, with the combined allelic variants conferring more than half of the risk. MEIS1 has been implicated in limb development, raising the possibility that RLS has components of a developmental disorder.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Psychiatry Investig
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Psychiatry Investig
                Journal ID (publisher-id): PI
                Title: Psychiatry Investigation
                Publisher: Korean Neuropsychiatric Association
                ISSN (Print): 1738-3684
                ISSN (Electronic): 1976-3026
                Publication date (Print): November 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 07 November 2017
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 887-893
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
                [2 ]Sleep-Wake Disorders Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Heon-Jeong Lee, MD, PhD. Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Anam Hospital, 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea. Tel: +82-2-920-5815, Fax: +82-2-929-7679, leehjeong@ 123456korea.ac.kr
                Article
                DOI: 10.4306/pi.2017.14.6.887
                PMC ID: 5714735
                SO-VID: ded83659-279e-41f2-97f4-52e6b0a8efd0
                Copyright © Copyright © 2017 Korean Neuropsychiatric Association
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 05 February 2017
                Date revision received : 06 April 2017
                Date accepted : 09 April 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: Center for Disease Control and Prevention;
                Categories
                Subject: Brief Report

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: restless legs syndrome,depressive symptom,insomnia,daytime sleepiness,hematological features
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: restless legs syndrome, depressive symptom, insomnia, daytime sleepiness, hematological features

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