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      Aortic arch calcification and risk of cardiovascular or all-cause and mortality in dialysis patients: A meta-analysis

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          Abstract

          Studies on aortic arch calcification (AAC) and mortality risk in maintenance dialysis patients have yielded conflicting findings. We conducted this meta-analysis to investigate the association between the presence of AAC and cardiovascular or all-cause and mortality risk in maintenance dialysis patients. Observational studies evaluating baseline AAC and cardiovascular or all-cause mortality risk in maintenance dialysis patients were searched through the PubMed and Embase, CNKI, VIP and Wanfang databases until January 2016. A total of 8 studies with 3,256 dialysis patients were identified. Compared with patients without AAC, the presence of AAC was associated with greater risk of cardiovascular mortality (hazard risk [HR] 2.30; 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.78–2.97) and all-cause mortality (HR 1.44; 95% CI 1.19–1.75). Subgroup analyses indicated that the pooled HR for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality was 2.31 (95% CI 1.57–3.40) and 1.45 (95% CI 1.08–1.96) for the grade 2/3 AAC. Peritoneal dialysis patients with AAC had greater cardiovascular (HR 3.93 vs. HR 2.10) and all-cause mortality (HR 2.36 vs. HR 1.33) than hemodialysis patients. The AAC appears to be independently associated with excessive cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in maintenance dialysis patients. Regular follow-up AAC might be helpful to stratify mortality risk in dialysis patients.

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          Calcification of the aortic arch: risk factors and association with coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.

          Calcium deposits in coronary and extracoronary arterial beds may indicate the extent of atherosclerosis. However, the incremental predictive value of vascular calcification, beyond traditional coronary risk factors, is not clearly established. To evaluate risk factors for aortic arch calcification and its long-term association with cardiovascular diseases in a population-based sample. Cohort study conducted at a health maintenance organization in northern California. A total of 60,393 women and 55,916 men, aged 30 to 89 years at baseline who attended multiphasic health checkups between 1964 and 1973 and for whom incidence of hospitalizations and/or mortality data were ascertained using discharge diagnosis codes and death records through December 31, 1997 (median follow-up, 28 years). Hospitalization for or death due to coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, or peripheral vascular disease, as associated with aortic arch calcification found on chest radiograph at checkup from 1964-1973. Aortic arch calcification was present in 1.9% of men and 2.6% of women. It was independently associated with older age, no college education, current smoking, and hypertension in both sexes, but it was inversely related to body mass index and family history of myocardial infarction. In women, aortic arch calcification was also associated with black race and elevated serum cholesterol level. After adjustment for age, educational attainment, race/ethnicity, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, serum cholesterol level, hypertension, diabetes, and family history of myocardial infarction, aortic arch calcification was associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (in men, relative risk [RR], 1.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-1.45; in women, RR, 1. 22; 95% CI, 1.07-1.38). Among women, it was also independently associated with a 1.46-fold increased risk of ischemic stroke (95% CI, 1.28-1.67). In our population-based cohort, aortic arch calcification was independently related to coronary heart disease risk in both sexes as well as to ischemic stroke risk in women. JAMA. 2000;283:2810-2815
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            Aortic arch calcification detectable on chest X-ray is a strong independent predictor of cardiovascular events beyond traditional risk factors.

            Arterial calcification makes the management of hemodynamics more difficult. Some reports have previously shown that simple assessment of aortic calcification using plain radiography is associated with cardiovascular (CV) events; however, these studies simply assessed whether aortic calcification was present or absent only, without considering its extent. Here, we evaluated validity of grading aortic arch calcification (AAC) to predict new CV events. We retrospectively reviewed chest X-rays in 239 asymptomatic out-patients who underwent measurement of endothelial function at the 1994-2000 without past history of CV events. The extent of AAC was divided into four grades (0-3). Among these subjects, the follow-up of CV events in 209 patients was completed. At baseline, AAC grade was positively related to age, pulse pressure, diabetes and renal dysfunction. Impairment of endothelial function, as determined by flow-mediated dilation (FMD), was also correlated to increasing AAC grade. Fifty-seven CV events in total occurred during a mean follow-up period of 69+/-45 months. With multivariate adjustment, Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the incidence was significantly higher in patients with higher AAC grade (grades 2 and 3) than in those with grade 0 or 1 (p<0.01, log-rank test). Two kinds of multivariate Cox-proportional hazards analyses showed the predictive values of AAC grade were significant (hazard ratio, 2.49; p=0.01, 2.56; p<0.01, respectively), and the predictive power was superior to that of renal dysfunction or FMD. In addition, the prediction was valuable even in patients without CKD. AAC detectable on chest X-ray is a strong independent predictor of CV events beyond traditional risk factors including endothelial dysfunction. Risk stratification by assessment of AAC may provide important information for management of atherosclerotic disease. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Vascular calcifications: pathogenesis, management, and impact on clinical outcomes.

              The predisposition to vascular calcifications in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has gained great interest in recent years as many studies have described its likely impact on morbidity and mortality. The mechanism by which the process of vascular calcification is produced is complex, and it does not consist in a simple precipitation of calcium and phosphate but is instead an active and modifiable process. Several "modifiable and nonmodifiable" factors that are able to promote vascular calcification are extremely frequent in patients with CKD. Most of the present strategies to decrease vascular calcifications are based in the control of the more prevalent modifiable risk factors. Unfortunately, the extremely important nonmodifiable risk factors, which are highly prevalent, such as older age, time on dialysis, and diabetes, are not under one's control. Recent studies also have shown that vascular calcifications in some localizations were associated with increased osteoporotic fractures not only in dialysis patients but also in the general population, and interestingly, mortality also was associated significantly and positively with vascular calcifications and nontraumatic bone fractures. Despite that new strategies may improve the management of vascular diseases and specifically have a positive impact on the high prevalence of vascular calcifications, still the best possible control of the bone metabolic and inflammatory parameters are in the primary line. The horizon of the coming decade looks promising, but solid clinical and epidemiologic data are needed to manage better the bone- and cardiovascular-related disorders in patients with CKD.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group
                2045-2322
                17 October 2016
                2016
                : 6
                : 35375
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Intensive Care Unit, First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun 130021, China
                [2 ]Department of Ophthalmology, First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun 130021, China
                Author notes
                Article
                srep35375
                10.1038/srep35375
                5066315
                27748417
                dedb3937-d7ed-4b4e-a55e-7bf32b6fba8b
                Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                : 10 May 2016
                : 26 September 2016
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