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      Dietary acidifiers in weanling pig diets: a review Translated title: Dietas acidificadas em suínos desmamados: uma revisão Translated title: Acidificantes dietarios para cerdos recién destetados: revisión

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          Abstract

          The objective of the present review is to provide an overview on the effects of the addition of acidifiers to nursery pig diets. Researchers have proposed that dietary acidifiers decrease pH in the stomach and the lower gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of weanling pigs, and thus, protect the host from pathogenic invasion and proliferation and improve nutrient digestion. These benefits may subsequently result in improved growth performance of weanling pigs. In experiments on nursery pigs, dietary acidifiers decreased stomach pH at least to a small extent, but had little influence on the pH of the lower GIT. Studies found no observable changes in microbial populations upon providing weanling pigs with dietary acidifiers, but they found a slight reduction in lactobacilli or lactic acid-producing bacteria throughout the GIT. Dietary acidifiers improved protein digestion in many cases despite variable results regarding the digestibility of amino acids and improved growth performance. Such positive responses were more apparent during the first or second week of experiments than the later stages. However, growth responses were inconsistent among different sources and varying inclusion rates of acidifiers. Information on the dietary acidifiers’ mode of action is quite limited, and large variations exist in results regarding the effects of dietary acidifiers. Based on the present review, the benefit of dietary acidifiers for nursery pigs is not entirely convincing. Further research is required to clarify the acidifiers’ mode of action and its association with subsequent growth performance in weanling pigs.

          Translated abstract

          O objetivo desta revisão é fornecer uma visão geral dos efeitos da adição de acidificantes orgânicos na dieta de leitões desmamados. Tem sido proposto que a dieta acidificante reduz o pH do estômago e do trato gastrointestinal (TGI) de leitões desmamados, e assim proteger o hospedeiro da invasão e proliferação de patogênicos, melhorando a digestão dos nutrientes. Estes podem resultar em um maior crescimento destes animais. Em experimentos com suínos desmamados, a acidificação da dieta têm sido mostrados para diminuir o pH do estômago, pelo menos em pequena medida, mas tiveram pouca influência sobre o pH do trato gastrointestinal posterior. Alguns estudos não encontraram alterações observáveis em populações microbianas ao oferecer acidificantes na dieta, mas tem-se reportado uma ligeira redução de lactobacilos ou bactérias lácticas produtoras de ácido em tudo o trato gastrointestinal. Em muitos casos, os acidificantes parecem melhorar a digestão de proteínas, apesar de oferecer resultados variáveis com respeito à digestibilidade dos aminoácidos e melhora o crescimento. ais respostas positivas parecem ser mais evidentes durante a primeira ou segunda. No entanto, a resposta de crescimento tem sido inconsistente com relação a diferentes fontes e níveis de inclusão de acidificantes. A Informação sobre o modo de ação dos acidificantes na dieta é bastante limitado e existem grandes variações nos resultados sobre seus efeitos. De acordo com essa análise, o benefício potencial de alimentar leitões desmamados com acidificantes não é inteiramente justificado. Mais pesquisas são necessárias para esclarecer seu modo de ação e sua relação com o crescimento de leitões desmamados.

          Translated abstract

          El objetivo de esta revisión es ofrecer una visión general sobre los efectos de la adición de acidificantes orgánicos en la dieta de cerdos destetos. Se ha propuesto que los acidificantes dietarios reducen el pH en el estómago y tracto gastrointestinal (TGI) de los cerdos recién destetados, y por lo tanto protegen al huésped de la invasión y proliferación de patógenos, al tiempo que mejoran la digestión de nutrientes. Estos beneficios podrían resultar en una mejora del crecimiento de dichos animales. En experimentos con cerdos destetados, los acidificantes dietarios han mostrado que pueden disminuir el pH del estómago, al menos en pequeña medida, pero han tenido poca influencia en el pH del tracto gastrointestinal posterior. Algunos estudios no encontraron cambios observables en las poblaciones microbianas al ofrecer acidificantes en la dieta a estos animales, pero se reporta una ligera reducción de los lactobacilos o bacterias lácticas productoras de ácido en todo el tracto gastrointestinal. En muchos casos, los acidificantes parecen mejorar la digestión proteica, a pesar de ofrecer resultados variables con respecto a la digestibilidad de los aminoácidos y mejora del crecimiento. Tales respuestas positivas parecen ser más evidentes durante la primera o segunda semana de los experimentos que en etapas posteriores. Sin embargo, la respuesta en crecimiento ha sido inconsistente respecto a diferentes fuentes y niveles de inclusión de acidificantes. La información sobre el modo de acción de los acidificantes dietarios es bastante limitada y existen grandes variaciones en los resultados respecto a sus efectos. De acuerdo con esta revisión, el beneficio potencial de los acidificantes dietarios en cerdos destetados no está del todo justificado. Se requiere investigación adicional para aclarar su modo de acción y su relación con el crecimiento de los cerdos recién destetados.

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          Most cited references64

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          Organic acids for performance enhancement in pig diets.

          Organic acids and their salts appear to be potential alternatives to prophylactic in-feed antibiotics and growth promoters in order to improve the performance of weaned piglets, fattening pigs and reproductive sows, although their growth-promoting effects are generally less than that of antibiotics. Based on an analysis of published data, the growth-promoting effect of formates, fumarates and citrates did not differ in weaned piglets. In fattening pigs, formates were the most effective followed by fumarates, whereas propionates did not improve growth performance. These acids improved the feedgain ratio of both weaned piglets and fattening pigs. In weaned piglets, the growth-promoting effects of dietary organic acids appear to depend greatly on their influence on feed intake. In sows, organic acids may have anti-agalactia properties. Successful application of organic acids in the diets for pigs requires an understanding of their modes of action. It is generally considered that dietary organic acids or their salts lower gastric pH, resulting in increased activity of proteolytic enzymes and gastric retention time, and thus improved protein digestion. Reduced gastric pH and increased retention time have been difficult to demonstrate, whereas improved apparent ileal digestibilities of protein and amino acids have been observed with growing pigs, but not in weaned piglets. Organic acids may influence mucosal morphology, as well as stimulate pancreatic secretions, and they also serve as substrates in intermediary metabolism. These may further contribute to improved digestion, absorption and retention of many dietary nutrients. Organic acid supplementation reduces dietary buffering capacity, which is expected to slow down the proliferation and|or colonization of undesirable microbes, e.g. Escherichia coli, in the gastro-ileal region. However, reduced scouring has been observed in only a few studies. As performance responses to dietary organic acids in pigs often varies, more specific studies are necessary to elucidate an explanation.
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            Effect of plant extracts and formic acid on the intestinal equilibrium of early-weaned pigs.

            We evaluated the effects of a plant extracts mixture (XT) standardized in 5% (wt/wt) carvacrol, 3% cinnamaldehyde, and 2% capsicum oleoresin (oregano, cinnamon and Mexican pepper), alone or in combination with formic acid (FA), on the productive performance and the intestinal ecosystem of the early-weaned pig. Pigs weaned at 20 +/- 1 d of age (n = 216) were allocated in 24 pens and fed a standard medicated prestarter diet for 12 d. Twelve days after weaning, a stress management system based on social and dietary stress factors was applied to the animals, after which, each group was allocated to one of six dietary treatments, which followed a factorial arrangement, with three levels (as-fed basis) of the XT (0, 150, and 300 mg/kg) and two levels of FA (0 and 0.5%). On d 24 and 25 after the stress episode, eight pigs per treatment were killed to examine variables describing some aspects of the gastrointestinal ecology. Two days after the stress episode, an Escherichia coli K88 diarrhea episode occurred, and five casualties were registered. Four of the five deaths occurred in pens of pigs not fed the XT. The FA resulted in better G:F (P = 0.040) in coincidence with shorter villous height (P = 0.073) and lower rectal total microbial mass (P = 0.078). Both XT and FA addition increased stomach content (P = 0.006 and 0.003, respectively) and percentage of DM (P = 0.089 and 0.010, respectively), suggesting an increased gastric retention time; consequently, pH was also increased (P = 0.005 and 0.060, respectively). The XT decreased ileum total microbial mass (P = 0.025) and increased the lactobacilli:enterobacteria ratio (P = 0.002). The VFA profile in the cecum and colon was modified by XT inclusion, increasing the proportion of acetate (P = 0.018 and 0.025, respectively) and diminishing the proportion of butyrate (P = 0.096 and 0.040, respectively) and valerate (P = 0.001 and 0.039, respectively). Both XT and FA were shown to be effective in modifying the gastrointestinal ecosystem, stomach contents, and stomach emptying rate, which are proposed as important aspects in the mechanisms of action for these additives.
              • Record: found
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              Impact of feeding blends of organic acids and herbal extracts on growth performance, gut microbiota and digestive function in newly weaned pigs

                Author and article information

                Journal
                rccp
                Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias
                Rev Colom Cienc Pecua
                Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia (Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia )
                0120-0690
                2256-2958
                September 2011
                : 24
                : 3
                : 231-247
                Affiliations
                [02] Seoul orgnameKonkuk University Republic of Korea
                [01] GyeonGi-Do orgnameUniversity Anseong Republic of Korea
                Article
                S0120-06902011000300002 S0120-0690(11)02400302
                df2ef3f9-b704-469e-99dc-cc92a69efe46

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 08 April 2011
                : 08 May 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 68, Pages: 17
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Original Articles

                acidificantes,desempenho produtivo,pH gastrointestinal,digestão de nutrientes,leitões,desmamados populção microbiana,acidifiers,gastrointestinal pH,growth performance,microbial population,nutrient digestion,weanling pigs,cerdos recién destetados,digestión de nutrientes,población microbiana,rendimiento productivo

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