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      Erratum: Neural entrainment to rhythmically-presented auditory, visual and audio-visual speech in children

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          Abstract

          Two inadvertent errors were discovered in Power et al. (2012). The first relates to Figure 3. This figure showed the histograms for one subject and not the whole group. A corrected Figure is included here. Rayleigh statistics carried out on these updated histograms reveal two differences in entrainment compared to the published results: Theta activity at Oz in the visual condition, which was previously though not to be entrained, is in fact entrained. Delta activity at Oz in the Audio-visual condition, which was previously thought to entrain to the stimulus, does not do so. Figure 3 Phase distribution at visual stimulus onset at representative frontal and occipital electrodes in each condition and frequency band over ~6900 observations in each plot. Most distributions differed from uniformity when tested against the Rayleigh statistic at a critical p-value of 0.001. Distributions with a superimposed × did not result in significant entrainment. Therefore, the published data should be adjusted as follows (differing results in bold italics): A: Fz δ: Z = 16.72, p < 0.0001. Fz θ: Z = 84.45, p < 0.0001 Oz δ: Z = 11.22, p < 0.0001. Oz θ: Z = 94.11, p < 0.0001 V: Fz δ: Z = 11.66, p < 0.0001. Fz θ: Z = 2.07, p > 0.05 Oz δ: Z = 41.29, p < 0.0001. Oz θ: Z = 14.91, p < 0.0001 AV: Fz δ: Z = 9.42, p < 0.001. Fz θ: Z = 92.85, p < 0.0001 Oz δ: Z = 2.45, p > 0.05. Oz θ: Z = 90.62, p < 0.0001 The second error was observed when comparing Total Power in the A and (AV-V) conditions. ANOVA results should be as follows. Repeated Measures ANOVA (frequency × condition) on Total Power: Frequency: F (1, 22) = 261.62, p < 0.001, ηp 2 = 0.922 Condition: F (1, 22) = 13.76, p = 0.001, ηp 2 = 0.385 Frequency × Condition: F (1, 22) = 1.42, p > 0.05 Neither of these results effect the overall conclusions of the paper: Neural entrainment was demonstrated for all stream types, and individual differences in standardized measures of language processing were related to auditory entrainment at the theta rate. There was significant modulation of the preferred phase of auditory entrainment in the theta band when visual speech cues were present.

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          Neural Entrainment to Rhythmically Presented Auditory, Visual, and Audio-Visual Speech in Children

          Auditory cortical oscillations have been proposed to play an important role in speech perception. It is suggested that the brain may take temporal “samples” of information from the speech stream at different rates, phase resetting ongoing oscillations so that they are aligned with similar frequency bands in the input (“phase locking”). Information from these frequency bands is then bound together for speech perception. To date, there are no explorations of neural phase locking and entrainment to speech input in children. However, it is clear from studies of language acquisition that infants use both visual speech information and auditory speech information in learning. In order to study neural entrainment to speech in typically developing children, we use a rhythmic entrainment paradigm (underlying 2 Hz or delta rate) based on repetition of the syllable “ba,” presented in either the auditory modality alone, the visual modality alone, or as auditory-visual speech (via a “talking head”). To ensure attention to the task, children aged 13 years were asked to press a button as fast as possible when the “ba” stimulus violated the rhythm for each stream type. Rhythmic violation depended on delaying the occurrence of a “ba” in the isochronous stream. Neural entrainment was demonstrated for all stream types, and individual differences in standardized measures of language processing were related to auditory entrainment at the theta rate. Further, there was significant modulation of the preferred phase of auditory entrainment in the theta band when visual speech cues were present, indicating cross-modal phase resetting. The rhythmic entrainment paradigm developed here offers a method for exploring individual differences in oscillatory phase locking during development. In particular, a method for assessing neural entrainment and cross-modal phase resetting would be useful for exploring developmental learning difficulties thought to involve temporal sampling, such as dyslexia.
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            Author and article information

            Journal
            Front Psychol
            Front Psychol
            Front. Psychol.
            Frontiers in Psychology
            Frontiers Media S.A.
            1664-1078
            03 December 2013
            2013
            : 4
            : 905
            Affiliations
            Department of Experimental Psychology, Centre for Neuroscience in Education, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
            Author notes

            This article was submitted to Language Sciences, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology.

            Edited by: Marcela Pena, Catholic University of Chile, Chile

            Article
            10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00905
            3847550
            24348451
            df3b145f-7fea-4535-9758-c2623afbf77b
            Copyright © 2013 Power, Mead, Barnes and Goswami.

            This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

            History
            : 04 November 2013
            : 15 November 2013
            Page count
            Figures: 1, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 1, Pages: 2, Words: 599
            Categories
            Psychology
            General Commentary Article

            Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
            oscillations,entrainment,audio-visual speech perception,rhythm,language

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