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      Bioactivity of Olive Oil Phenols in Neuroprotection

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          Abstract

          Neurological disorders such as stroke, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases are associated with high morbidity and mortality, and few or no effective options are available for their treatment. These disorders share common pathological characteristics like the induction of oxidative stress, abnormal protein aggregation, perturbed Ca 2+ homeostasis, excitotoxicity, inflammation and apoptosis. A large body of evidence supports the beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet in preventing neurodegeneration. As the Mediterranean diet is characterized by a high consumption of extra-virgin olive oil it has been hypothesized that olive oil, and in particular its phenols, could be responsible for the beneficial effect of the Mediterranean diet. This review provides an updated vision of the beneficial properties of olive oil and olive oil phenols in preventing/counteracting both acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases.

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          Most cited references156

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          Autophagy in Human Health and Disease

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            Structure and functions of the 20S and 26S proteasomes.

            The proteasome is an essential component of the ATP-dependent proteolytic pathway in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for the degradation of most cellular proteins. The 20S (700-kDa) proteasome contains multiple peptidase activities that function through a new type of proteolytic mechanism involving a threonine active site. The 26S (2000-kDa) complex, which degrades ubiquitinated proteins, contains in addition to the 20S proteasome a 19S regulatory complex composed of multiple ATPases and components necessary for binding protein substrates. The proteasome has been highly conserved during eukaryotic evolution, and simpler forms are even found in archaebacteria and eubacteria. Major advances have been achieved recently in our knowledge about the molecular organization of the 20S and 19S particles, their subunits, the proteasome's role in MHC-class 1 antigen presentation, and regulators of its activities. This article focuses on recent progress concerning the biochemical mechanisms and intracellular functions of the 20S and 26S proteasomes.
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              Alzheimer's disease: strategies for disease modification.

              Alzheimer's disease is the largest unmet medical need in neurology. Current drugs improve symptoms, but do not have profound disease-modifying effects. However, in recent years, several approaches aimed at inhibiting disease progression have advanced to clinical trials. Among these, strategies targeting the production and clearance of the amyloid-beta peptide - a cardinal feature of Alzheimer's disease that is thought to be important in disease pathogenesis - are the most advanced. Approaches aimed at modulating the abnormal aggregation of tau filaments (another key feature of the disease), and those targeting metabolic dysfunction, are also being evaluated in the clinic. This article discusses recent progress with each of these strategies, with a focus on anti-amyloid strategies, highlighting the lessons learned and the challenges that remain.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Mol Sci
                Int J Mol Sci
                ijms
                International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                MDPI
                1422-0067
                25 October 2017
                November 2017
                : 18
                : 11
                : 2230
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; cristina.angeloni@ 123456unicam.it
                [2 ]Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; marco.malaguti@ 123456unibo.it (M.M); maria.barbalace2@ 123456unibo.it (M.C.B.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: silvana.hrelia@ 123456unibo.it ; Tel.: +39-051-209-1235
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0349-7772
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7857-4512
                Article
                ijms-18-02230
                10.3390/ijms18112230
                5713200
                29068387
                df4fe703-590a-45aa-a324-dbc26543856e
                © 2017 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 28 September 2017
                : 22 October 2017
                Categories
                Review

                Molecular biology
                olive oil,tyrosol,hydroxytyrosol,oleuropein,oleocanthal,oxidative stress,neurodegeneration,parkinson’s disease,alzheimer’s disease,multiple sclerosis

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